
ROBERT FINLEY, D.D. 



OF Till 

REV. ROBERT FINLEY, D.D. 

LATE PASTOR 

or 

THE PRESBYTERIAN CONGREGATION 

AT BASKING KIDGE NKW-JKRSBY, 
AND 

PRESIDENT OF FRANKLIN COLLEGE; 

LOCATED AT ATHENS, IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 
WITH 

BRIEF SKETCHES 

OF SOME OF HIS COTEMPORARIEb, 

AND 

NUMEROUS NOTES. 



BY THE REV. ISAAC V. BROWN, A. M. 

===== \> v 



lVElV.BRUKSWICK : 

PUBLISHED BIT TERHUNE & LETSON. 

1819. 

iV HTIR, PRINTEn. 



E4 4S 



DISTRICT OF NEW-JERSEY, ... 

^•°"°~§ 13 E it remembered, that on the twelfth day of April, in the forty third 
l_^^j X3 year of the independence of the United Slates of America, Isaac V. 
Brown, of the said District, hath deposited in this office the title ol a 
book, the right win reof he chums as author, in the words following, to wit : — 
"Memoirs of the Rev Roberi Finlcy, D. D. late Pastor of the Presbyterian 
Congregation a! Basking Ridge, New Jersey, and President of Franklin College, 
located at Vthens, in the state of Georgia; with brie! Sketches of some of his 
eotfinporaries, and numerous Notes. By the Rev. Isaac V Brown, A. M." 
1q coniormity to an act of the Congress of the United States entitle d an ast for 
the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, 
to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; 
and also to the act, entitl d an act supplementary to the act enti led an act for 
the encouragement of 'learning, by -enuring the copies of maps, charts aol book* 
to the authors and proprietors o; such copies, during the times therein mention- 
ed, and extending tiie benefits thereof to the arts of designing, etching and en- 
graving historical and other prints. 

WILLIAM PENNINGTON, 

t'lejkyf the District of iN ew-Jerjcr 



PREFACE. 



An intelligent gentleman, in the congregation of 
Basking Kidge, many years ago, while contempla- 
ting his beloved pastor, in the midst of his ministeri- 
al labours and successes, made the following decla- 
ration : " Were I ambitious, I would rather be 
Robert Finley than Caesar or Bonaparte !" 

And truly his character was so exalted and pure, 
his life so conspicuous and useful his transactions 
so judicious and important, and his name so dear, 
that forming, in this Transitory world, a memo i&l of 
his excellence, is an act, not less of justice to him, 
than of kindness to ourselves. Few men have re- 
cently appeared on the stage of life, more truly and 
deeply devoted to the interests of Christ's kingdom 
and the good of mankind ; few men have been so 
early in life, so prominently and so indefatigably en- 
gaged in enterprises of benevolence and piety ; few 
men have performed so many labours in the church, 
and enjoyed so great a harvest of success in the di- 
vine service, as Dr. Finley. There are therefore 
but few, whose claims upon the church and upon 
the world, for posthumous regard, are so clear and so 
strong, as his, and there have recently been few 
whose lives and characters are so well calculated to 
instruct, to animate and profit others. 



Vl PREFACE. 

It was under the influence of such sentiments re- 
specting Dr. Finley, that the resolution, to attempt 
preparing a biographical view of his character and 
life, was first formed. The narrow limits, then con- 
templated, have been insensibly and unavoidably 
surpassed : — that which was originally expected to 
make a pamphlet, or, at most, a small 12 mo. has 
been necessarily enlarged and put into the form of an 
octavo. In the course of the narrative, the names of 
several deceased ministers of the gospel rose in- 
to view, who are still remembered with interest by 
some and who deserve the tribute of recollection 
and respect which is here paid to them. 

Dr. Finley was so earnestly devoted to the busi- 
ness of education in all its degrees and relations, that 
in order to illustrate fully his views and transactions 
in regard to that subject, as well as others, it was 
thought expedient to introduce in the form of notes 
at the close of the volume several essays or discus- 
sions, on topics incidentally connected with the nar- 
rative. This measure was adopted the more readily, 
because it afforded the writer an opportunity to incor- 
porate with these illustrations, a few hints and sug- 
gestions on the same subjects, which have occurred to 
him during the last ten years while engaged in the 
business of instruction, and which are also the re- 
sult of some reflection upon the state and prospects of 
American literature. 

With regard to the manner in which the work 
has been executed, the writer would observe that 



PREFACE. Vll 



he is fully sensible of the correctness and force of 
the remark : — 

" Difficile est proprie communxa dicere." 

Nevertheless he has dared to disregard an injunc- 
tion of the same high classic authority : — 

" Sape stylum vertas iterum y qiue digna legi 
sint Scripturus." 

Having enjoyed neither much leisure, nor good 
health, during the period in which the manuscript, 
of the following memoirs &c. was prepared, he has 
not pleased himself, and cannot therefore, expect, 
very extensively, to please others. His great object 
has been to draw a true character, rather than a hand- 
some portrait — to make an honest and useful, rather 
than a splendid volume — to place correctly before our 
view that high, 

" Exemplar vita morumque" 
which this deceased man of God uniformly exhibi- 
ted while among us — and thus, to render to the 
Heavenly Father a deserved and lasting tribute of 
praise for the signal manifestations of his grace, 
which we behold in the life of his servant. 

On the whole, if this volume shall be found to 
record events and to detail transactions conducive 
to the honour of God, to human improvement 
and Christian comfort ; — if it shall, in sr.me small 
measure furnish materials to ^ssist others, hereaf- 
ter, in forming a connected and expanded view 
of the church of Christ and of divine benefi- 
cence and grace to men ; — if, by exhibiting the ar- 



Vlll PREFACE. 

dent and unwearied exertions of this distinguished 
and excellent servant of the Lord, it shall be instru- 
mental in strengthening the resolutions and exciting 
the zeal of survivors, to follow him in his pious and 
benevolent career, to repair the loss which is sustain- 
ed by his lamented removal, to preserve from fail- 
ure and carry to perfection the plans of benevolence, 
from the prosecution of which, he was suddenly 
withdrawn, the end of this publication will be accom- 
plished. And to make it productive of these happy 
results, may the divine benediction rest upon it ! 
Lawrenceviile, JY. J. January 7, 1310 



CONTENTS. 



VIEW of Mr. James Finley, father of Robert 9 

Robert Finley's birth and early education - - 14 

Enters College - - - - 15 

His first serious impression, his success in College, - - 16 

Graduates and commences teaching - - 16 

His success in this employment, invitation to Maryland 17 
Takes charge of an Academy at Allentown, makes a public profession of 

religion, invited to teach in Charleston - - 18 

Extracts from his diary in Charleston - - - 19 

Returns to New-Jersey and commences the study of Theology - 24 

Is made Tutor in College, extracts from his diary there - - 24 

Mr Finley's licensure and ordination - - - 23 

His marriage - - - 31 

The origin and progress of his school - - 31 

Immediate benefit of his ministry - - 38 

An awakening is experienced • • - 39 

Mr. Finley's account of this great event • - 40 

His great zeal and powerful exertion - - - 50 

His efforts to retain the Bible in English Schools - - 53 

Is elected a Trus'ee of Princeton College - - 54 

Another excitement is felt in his parish - - - 55 
Air. Finley appointed to preach the Missionary Sermon, before the 

Genral Assembly in Philadelphia - - - 55 

Is appointed same year a delegate to the General Association of Connecticut 55 

A very interesting scene at Basking Ridge - - 56 

Mr. Finley labors in Sussex and other places • 57 

He and Mr. VVoodhull originate the Bible Class system - - 6 

Transactions of Presbytery respecting it - 61 

of the Synod - - 62 

of the General Assembly - 63 

Mr Finley introduces the system into his parish - - 65 

Divine blessing follows — youth awakened — a great excitement 16 produced 65 

Mr. Finley's tours in the skirts of his parish - - 70 

His health becomes impaired - - • 7.5 

The Colonization Society formed December 1816 - • 75 
View of his agency in this business, his visit to Washington, exertion' there, 

publications on the subject, journey home, measures at Philadelphia and 

Trenton - . - 75 



IV CONTENTS. 

Mr. Finley invited to settle as a pastor in Washington - - 10S 

His invitation to Georgia, correspondence on the subject of removal 109 

Conflict in his mind, but he resolves to go - - 116 
Resigns his seat as Trustee of College, is honored with the degree of D. D, 

from College of Princeton . . . 116 
Is separated from his congregation and dismissed from the Presbytery of 

New-Brunswick . . . .117 

Takes leave of his congregation . . .119 

Sets off for New York— sails, &c. . . 124 

Arrives at Savannah . . . 125 

Letters giving a statement of Grst impressions . . 126 

A sketch of the College at Athens, its situation, resources, &c. . 133 

Dr. Finley's first measures, recommendations, &c. . 138 

His labors in College — in the Village . . . 140 

First commencement . . „ 142 

Dr. Finley's fatal tour ..... 143 

He attends Presbytery . ... 145 

He preaches there . . . . 146 

Attends a Sacramental service, distant from Athens . . . 147 

Is taken sick, his disease, some observations on his sick bed 148 
Communications relating to his illness and death . .149 

Impressions made on the public mind . . . . 152 

Obituary notice of bim published in Georgia . . , 153 

Recommendation of the Senatus Academicus . . 155 

Transactions of the Trustees of Franklin College . 156 

Letter of consolation to an afflicted Lady . . . 158 

Additional letters on various subjects . . . 162 

General view of his publications .... 170 

A summary of his character . ... 175 

NOTES, SKETCHES, &c. 

Note A. Dangers of sending sons too early to college . 189 

Note B. Advantages of teaching to young men . . 193 
Note C. Sketch of Rev. J. F. Armstrong . ,197 
Note D. Sketch of Rev. G T Snowden . . .205 

Note E. Sketch of Rev. Dr. Jos. Clark ... 213 

Note F. Sketch of Rev. Samuel Kennedy . . . 229 

Note G. Sketch of Rev. Jas. Caldwell, &c. . . . 237 

Note H. A view of Revivals . . . 251 

Note I. Importance of employing good English Teachers . . 299 

Note J. Propriety of using the Bible in English Schools . . 303 

Note K. Excellence of the Bible Class system . . . 307 

Note L. Dialogues on the African Colony . . . 313 

Note M. Hints for improving Schools and Colleges . . . 347 

Note N. Sketch of Rev. William Boyd ... .361 



MEMOIRS 

OF 

REV. ROBERT FINLEY, D.D. &c. &c, 



Mr. James Finley, father of the subject of this narra- 
tive, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, A.D. 1737. Be- 
fore he reached his eighteenth year, religion took a 
powerful hold of his mind. It pleased God, early to lay 
him low, and to hold him long under deep convictions 
and apprehensions, in a state of suspense and anxiety, 
so awful as nearly to break the power of his reason and 
the vigour of his frame. At the set time, God re- 
vealed himself in mercy, to this convinced and mourning 
sinner, inspiring hope and gladness, where guilt and 
horror had lately reigned. Through life, he often 
spoke of the sore conflicts he then endured, and declar- 
ed his full belief, that, though painful for the present, 
they had been good and salutary, working out to him, 
more abundantly, the peaceable fruits of righteous7icss. 

Mr. Finley was trained to the business of a yam 
merchant, in his native city. In the prosecution of this 
employment, he supplied himself with materials, by at- 
tending the fairs of the surrounding country, where the 
commodities, in which he dealt, were exhibited for sale, 
in great abundance and variety. On account of his su- 
perior ability and fidelity in his profession, he was pro- 
moted to the office of superintendent, and discharged 



10 MEMOIRS OF 

the duties of inspector of the yarn factories in Glasgow 
and its vicinity. 

He became, very early, acquainted with the Rev. 
John Witherspoon, who was then an eminent minister 
of the gospel, exercising his pastoral functions in the 
town of Paisley, about six miles distant from Glasgow. 
So warm was his regard for Mr. Witherspoon, that he 
frequently left the church, to which he was attached, in 
his native city, and walked to Paisley, on Sabbath days, 
to attend the ministrations of his admired friend. His 
attachment to him, became unusually sincere and strong. 
He admired him as a preacher of the gospel : he rejoic- 
ed in his efforts to restore pure Presbyterian govern- 
ment in the church of Scotland : he sympathised with 
him in the struggles and persecutions he encountered in 
his attempts, thus, to set aside the corrupt and oppressive 
system of patronage, which had been imposed upon the 
people. 

Dr. Witherspoon, warmly reciprocated the respect 
and affection, of his pious and excellent friend. After 
accepting the presidency of Princeton College, and emi- 
grating to America, A. D. 1T68, he invited him to come 
over and settle in the same place. Mr. Finley yielded 
to this solicitation, and with his wife, whose maiden 
name was Angres, landed at New-York, in 1769. At 
Princeton, the intercourse and familiarity, commenced 
in Scotland, were renewed, and continued till termina- 
ted, by the death of the illustrious President, A. D. 
1794. In this village Mr. Finley, pursued, with dili- 
gence and respectability the mechanical occupation of 
weaving, for which his employment in Scotland, seem- 
ed, in some measure, to qualify him. Here also he oc- 
cupied for many years, the office of ruling elder in the 



13 

DK. FINLEV. 

• .1 • ami 

Presbyterian church. He Mas an eminently pious a, 
exemplary Christian. His faculties of mind naturally 
strong and active, had been long and earnestly employ- 
ed on the noblest subjects. His memory strongly re- 
tentive, was richly stored with a knowledge of the Ho- 
ly Scriptures and of human life ; and his zeal and enga- 
gedness in religion being uncommonly lively and uni- 
form, he was truly an instructing and interesting com- 
panion and a highly useful and valuable member of socie- 
ty. Many wise and good men, sought his company and 
frequented his house, to be edified by his intelligent and 
pious conversation, and to be animated in ways of piety, 
by his fervent prayers and glowing zeal. 

During the struggles of the American colonies for lib- 
erty and independence, Mr. Finley manifested that he 
had, indeed, adopted this, as his country. He was a 
warm and decided advocate and supporter of the Ameri- 
can revolution. He was employed, as clothier to a bri- 
gade of American troops and held this office while the 
English were in possession of Princeton. He continued 
at home during this period, and had constant intercourse 
with several British officers, who quartered in his house, 
without incurring the charge of indifference to the 
cause of the colonies, on the one hand, or making him- 
self peculiarly obnoxious to the enemy, on the other. 
He suffered much in his temporal interests, in the result 
of this agency, by receiving almost the whole of his com- 
pensation, for revolutionary services which he had ren- 
dered, and private moneys which he had expended, in 
the currency of the provinces, when it had sunk to 
almost nothing. This was peculiarly afflicting to him, 
inasmuch as by misfortunes, in his native country, hi? 



10 



MEMOIRS OK 



jj^. iiary circumstances had become much reduced and 
-S prospects of reinstatement very dubious. 
AVhile residing at Princeton, Mr. Finley correspond- 
ed for many years with David Dale, Esq,* the honoura- 
ble Bailiff of the district he had inhabited in Scotland. 
Epistolary intercourse with that distinguished and ex- 
cellent man, was continued after Mr. Finley's decease 
by his son Robert. It is a subject of deep regret that 
the letters of this correspondence, very valuable and in- 
teresting on many accounts, cannot be obtained. 

* The following sketch of this distinguished and excellent man is taken from 
the Assembly' 1 s Missionary Magazine for the year 1306, page 34 1 : — 

Died " at Glasgow, on the 17th current, in the 68th year of his age, David 
Dale, Esq of Rosebank, late one of the magistrates of that city. The character 
of this good man comprehended in it so many points of excellence, that only an 
imperfect outline of it can here be given. He had not enjoyed the advantage of a 
polished or liberal education ; but this want was compensated by a large share 
of natural sagacity and sound sense, by an accurate and discriminating knowledge 
of human character, and by a modest and dignified simplicity of manner, which 
secured to him universal respect and attention. A zealous promoter of general 
industry and of the manufactures of his country, his schemes of business were ex- 
tensive and liberal, conducted with singular prudence and perseverance, and, by 
the blessing of God, were crowned with such abundant success as served to ad- 
vance his rank in society and to furnish him with the means of that diffusive be- 
nevolence which rendered his life a public blessing and shed a lustre on his char- 
acter that has been but too rarely exemplified. Impelled by the powerful influ- 
ence of that truth which he firmly believed and zealously taught, constrained by 
the love and animated by the example of his blessed Master, his ear was neve r 
shut to the cry of distress ; his private charities were boundless ; and every pub- 
lic institution which had for i ts object the alleviation or prevention of human mise- 
ry, in this world or the world to come, received from him the most liberal sup- 
port and encouragement. For while the leading object of his life was the diffu- 
sion of the light of truth in the earth, he gladly embraced every opportunity of 
becoming, like the patriarchs of old, " eyes to the blind, and feet to the lame," 
and of causing " the widow's heart to sing for joy." In private life, his conduct, 
actuated by the same principles, was equally exemplary ; for he was a kind parent, 
a generous friend, a wise and faithful counsellor, " a lover of hospitality, a lover of 
good men, sc Vr, just, holy, temperate.". And now, having thus occupied his tal- 
ents, he hath " entered into the joy of his Lord. Mark the perfect and behold 
• he upright, for the end of that man is peace." 



DR. FINLEY. 1' 

Mr. Finley visited Dr. Witherspoon frequently ami 
affectionately towards the close of his life, and attended 
him with peculiar kindness and faithfulness as a friend, 
in his last sickness. Soon after the death of Dr. Wither- 
spoon, he resolved to spend the residue of his days in 
the society of his sons, Robert and Alexander, and accor- 
dingly moved to Basking Ridge, the place of their abode. 
His age, his infirmity, his circumstances altogether had be- 
come such as to require filial attention and kindness. 
And here, while this patriarchal friend of God, receiv- 
ed the respect and veneration of all around him, he en- 
joyed the most affectionate and faithful attention of his 
sons, residing near him, and especially of his son Robert, 
whose circumstances enabled him to indulge all his filial 
fondness, by providing for his beloved, and declining pa- 
rent, every thing necessary for his ease and comfort. 

At Basking Ridge Mr. Finley was elected a member 
of session, and faithfully discharged the duties of ruling 
elder in that congregation. His personal appearance, 
his established reputation, his considerable knowledge, 
his ardent piety, and unblemished deportment, all con- 
tributed to render him a peculiarly suitable person to 
fill that station. He was tall, erect and slender — his 
features were strong and prominent — his head was 
whitened with years — his whole aspect was peculi- 
arly grave, dignified and solemn. These circumstan- 
ces, associated with uncommon intelligence of mind 
and sanctity of character, gave great respectability and 
interest to his frequent performances, in the rcligiou ? 
societies uniformly held, and in the occasional meetings 
of the congregation, in the absence of their pastor, where 
he generally assisted. His pra} 7 ers on these occasions, 
were remarkable for comprehensiveness, for weighty 
matter, and for profound devotion. 



14 MEMOIRS OF 

When death appeared to be drawing- near, he con- 
templated his dissolution, with great calmness and sat- 
isfaction. On being asked, when apparently near his 
close, how he felt, he replied, "just as I wish to feel!" 
When almost exhausted, he intimated a desire that all 
his relatives, in the vicinity, should be assembled around 
his bed, that he might take a last view of the only ob- 
jects on earth, which he considered dear to him and 
commit them to God. And after being gently raised up 
by his son Robert, he cast his eves complacently round up- 
on the interesting group and raising them towards heaven, 
feebly whispered "it is done," and sweetly expired in 
the seventy-second year of his age, in the full and joy- 
ful hope of a glorious immortality through Jesus Christ. 

Such men are the salt of the earth ! the light of the 
world ! — How happy, to be a Christian ! — How inestima- 
ble the privilege and blessing of being descended from 
such a parent ! ! 

Robert Finley was born at Princeton, New-Jersey, 
A. D. 1772. He was very early instructed in the ele- 
ments of the English language, and in his eighth year, 
commenced the study of the Latin, in his native village. 
The salutary effects of early parental instruction and 
care, were soon discoverable in him. For a youth of 
his age, he was uncommonly grave and judicious in his 
deportment. After passing, in a short period, through 
the hands of a number of teachers, it was happily order- 
ed that he should here become a pupil of Mr. Ashbel 
Green, the same gentlemen who is now President of the 
College of New-Jersey. At this period, Mr. Green was 
a student in college, and the studies of his class not be- 
ing sufficient to occupy the whole of his attention, by 
the advice of Dr. Witherspoon, he spent half his time in 



DR. FINLEV. I J 

teaching the grammar school, which was then under the 
doctor's superintendence. While this arrangement con- 
tributed to increase the classical accuracy and general 
respectability of the youthful instructor, it had a tenden- 
cy no less happy, to advance the interesting pupil in his 
academic course, and to lay the foundation of that pre 
eminence, in this important department of literature, to 
which he rose in after life. He was observed by his 
teacher, to be a youth, considering his age, of much 
more than ordinary stability of character, closeness of 
application, and penetration of mind. He was not sat- 
isfied, at this early period, with devoting the usual hours 
to study ; but frequently, in leisure seasons, he waited 
on his teacher, in his private apartment, to obtain from 
him, more fully, the explanations and aids, which he 
found necessary, to enable him successfully to prosecute 
his prescribed daily course. 

In the eleventh* year of his age, he was admitted in- 
to the college, as a member of the freshman class. Mr. 
Green, having, at the commencement preceding, re- 
ceived his first degree in the liberal arts, and having 
been subsequently elected tutor in college, here again 
found with pleasure, placed under his personal instruc- 
tion and management, the lad who had, the year before, 
been his pupil in the grammar school. In the sopho- 
more class, during the year following, the same relation 
subsisted between this respectable teacher and promis- 
ing scholar. The means and opportunities thus enjoyed 
by Mr. Finley, to become thoroughly acquainted with 
the^ Greek and Latin languages, which were the princi- 
pal subjects of study in the two lower classes of college. 

See note A. at the end of this narrative. 



16 MEMOIRS OF 

were as good as could have been desired. And experi- 
ence has abundantly proved, that he was an apt and suc- 
cessful student, making such improvement, as to reflect 
honour on his principal instructor, and to secure the 
reputation of eminence in this branch of science. 

About the time of his entering the junior class in col- 
lege, he gave evidence that God had visited him in mer- 
cy, and impressed his mind deeply with a sense of the 
importance of religion. It was even hoped, by his fond 
and anxious friends, that he had experienced a gracious 
change, and passed from death unto life. Modest and 
distrustful, he did not view his spiritual state, in so fa- 
vourable and satisfactory a light as others did, with 
whom he conversed on this interesting subject. He 
halted, and continued in painful suspense for a conside- 
rable time ; but God, having begun this good work, car- 
ried it on unto perfection. 

Although the mathematical, philosophical and belles 
lettres studies, with which the junior and senior classes 
are chiefly occupied, were somewhat above the years 
and capacity of our young student, yet he appeared, 
through the whole of his collegiate course, respectable 
for scholarship, as well as deportment : and he was ad- 
mitted to the degree of bachelor of arts, by the trustees 
of the college at Princeton, in his sixteenth year. 

Having thus early finished the course of his educa- 
tion, a question of great importance was now to be de- 
cided ; how he should be employed. Dr. Witherspoon, 
the friend of the father, was also the friend and adviser 
of the son. During the first winter after leaving college. 
Mr. Finley was employed, under the superintendence 
of the venerable president, as teacher of the grammar 
school. Here he began to manifest that peculiar talent 



DR. FINLEY. 17 

for the government and instruction of youth, which he 
afterwards exercised and displayed, in several stations, 
in a manner so highly reputable to himself, and useful to 
the public. 

A considerable number of the pupils were from the 
south, farther advanced in years than the teacher, irreg- 
ular and insubordinate in their temper and manners. 
Mr. Finley proceeded with energy, to introduce order, 
and establish discipline in the institution. The elder 
portion of the youth manifested a refractory temper, re- 
sisted his regulations, and, on being urged to comply, 
broke out into open rebellion, in hopes of intimidating the 
youthful instructor, and constraining him to connive at 
their idle and disorderly habits. He maintained his au- 
thority with dignity and firmness, suspended the refrac- 
tory, and referred their case to Dr. Witherspoon, under 
whose superintendence he acted, and under whose 
guardianship most of the young men were placed. Dr. 
Witherspoon, being informed of these circumstances, 
visited the school; investigated the whole matter; pro- 
nounced his full and decided approbation of the meas- 
ures and conduct of Mr. Finley ; established the influ- 
ence of his young friend, by the whole weight of his 
own dignity and authority; compelled the disorderly 
to make suitable acknowledgments, and to return sub- 
missively to their studies, under the very system against 
which they had revolted. 

After some time spent in this employment, Mr. Finley 
was invited to take charge of a respectable seminary in 
the state of Maryland. With a view of complying with 
this invitation, he visited that state; but Providence 
frowned upon this arrangement. Just as he reached 
the place of destination, the academy was destroyed by 

3 



18 MEMOIRS OF 

fire, and his prospect of employment and usefulness 
there, entirely blasted. He returned immediately to his 
native place, and accepted an invitation to teach the 
academy at Allentown, New-Jersey. The Presbyterian 
congregation existing there, was then under the pasto- 
ral care of the Rev. Joseph Clark, through whose in- 
strumentality, Mr. Finley was obtained to teach the 
academy. 

Mr. Finley's mind had been very seriously exercised, 
upon the subject of religion, already, more than two 
years. His impressions increased with his growing age 
and maturity. During the time now spent in Allentown, 
his pious exercises and inquiries were brought, by Di- 
vine Grace, to a happy result. The serious public dis- 
courses and pious conversation of Mr. Clark, were pe- 
culiarly blessed to his spiritual interest and comfort, so 
that now, in his seventeenth year, he entered into co- 
venant with God, made a profession of his faith, and was 
admitted to commune Avith the church, in the Lord's 
supper. 

While in this situation, he Avas solicited to undertake 
the business of instruction, in the city of Charleston, 
South Carolina. Although he Avas young and inexpe- 
rienced, the contemplated place of employment remote, 
the station conspicuous, and the labours arduous; yet 
he yielded to the request, and ventured himself into the 
society and service of strangers, trusting in the protec- 
tion and care of his Almighty Friend. Here he Avas 
kindly received and entertained. His services at 
Charleston Avere highly acceptable to the public, and 
honourable to himself. The acquaintances which he 
formed Avith families of distinction, and the attachments 
he conciliated, during his residence in that city, Avere 



DR. FIKLEY. 1H 

useful to him through life ; and, probably, opened the 
way for his receiving, a few years before his death, a 
call to undertake the pastoral service, there, with a 
provision corresponding with the wealth and liberality 
of the southern people. He enjoyed the society and 
kind attentions of several highly accomplished, pious 
and excellent families, who were heard to speak of his 
visits and conversation, in terms of high approbation and 
satisfaction. The amiable, intelligent and heavenly 
minded consort* of the Rev. Dr. Keith, of that city, 
took a deep interest in Mr. Finley, invited him very 
frequently and affectionately to her house, enjoyed 
much of his company, and bore a strong and pleasing- 
testimony in favour of his good sense, great prudence, 
and humble piety, at this early period. 

A kw extracts from a very brief diary, which he kept 
while teaching in the city of Charleston, unquestionably 
for his own exclusive use, will serve to confirm the esti- 
mate of his piety, made by his friends around him, and 
to illustrate further his religious character, at this time : 

"November 28th, 1791. — As I began school this 
morning, in Charleston, after praising God for preserv- 
ing mercy, I prayed for divine assistance in my whole 
duty; for the spirit of grace and supplication; for re- 
pentance and reformation : in the evening, for a blessing 
on the Church, and my Princeton friends in particular ; 
to be preserved from the corrupt notions and fashions of 
the world ; and to live altogether to the glory of God, 
in humility and godly sincerity. 

" 30th. — Rose between six and seven, thanked God 
for preserving mercy, prayed for the presence of the 

* Mrs. Keith was a daughter of the venerable Dr. James Sproat, of the citv 
of Philadelphia. 



20 MEMOIRS OF 

Lord through the day, for much of his love — after break- 
fast, for his direction in the business of the day — at noon, 
for the influences of the Holy Spirit, and for the church 
— for the same at night; prayed for preparation for the 
table of the Lord ; for a blessing on the church, and the 
pardon of sin; for protection; for faith and humility; 
for the prosperity of Zion, that I might live as a Chris- 
tian. 

" December 1st. — I got up after six and blessed God 
for his mercy in preserving me through the night ; pray- 
ed to be guided by the holy Spirit, for help to discharge 
the duties of the day, as becomes a Christian — in the 
evening again I prayed for a blessing at the church and 
on the church, for my absent friends, that the Lord 
would forgive my sins and show me them forgiven, that I 
might praise him. 

" 9th. — This morning I returned thanks for the mercy 
of the night past, prayed for much of the presence of 
God through the day. — After breakfast, prayed for wis- 
dom from above to direct me in all things. At noon, 
in the evening and at night, prayed, that as I had re- 
solved if it should please the Lord I would engage 
in the ministry, I might not be drawn from it by the 
world : prayed for pardon and acceptance, through the 
blood of Jesus, for the scholars that they might be re- 
strained from sin, for boldness in the cause of Christ — 
did at no time forget my absent friends and the interest 
of Zion. 

"Jan. 1, 1792. — Being the beginning of the year, I 
confessed my sins and prayed for pardon. In the morn- 
ing was very unconcerned, but blessed be God my 
heart was somewhat warmed — renewed engagements to 
be for the Lord. Pride struggling much in my heart 



DR. FINLETf. 21 

about dress, I resolved to add nothing to it of superflui- 
ties, as powder, ruilles, nor to be running after the fash- 
ions, till the desire of them should arise from love to 
God — and if I dine out on the Sabbath,* 1 attend the 
worship of God. So help, Oh ! Lord. 

" 2d. — I rose about seven this morning - , returned thanks 
for the mercy of the night past, prayed for the divine pres- 
ence through the day, prayed six times to be cleansed 
from my sins, for all my friends that we might all grow 
in grace and be comforted by the indwelling of the Holy 
Spirit. 

" 3d. — This morning felt in a good frame of mind, but 
it did not continue, the world got possession — wrote a 
letter to my brother and sister on the subject of reli- 
gion. 

" 4th. — This day I paid a visit to Mrs. Tennent, with 
whom I had some pleasant religious conversation — re- 
turned thanks for the mercy of the Lord in this respect. 

"5th. — This day had very much reason to complain 
of vhe absence of every holy affection, and that the 
world had taken so much possession of my whole soul — 
prayed to be delivered from all this and to have my 
heart renewed and every heavenly grace implanted — 
Amen. O Lord. 



* Dining nut at all on the Sabbath day, may be thought inconsistent with reli 
gious duty and in geneial doubtless is so. But to form n just estimate of this reso- 
lution, it must be considered that Mr. Finley had no family, whose good order 
might be interrupted by his absence, and that the iamilies where he dined were 
probably of a religions character and the conversation with such friends would be 
at once pleasing and profitable : and that he here made it a fixed point that this 
social intercourse should not prevent his attendance on divine worship in the aftei 
part of the day Probably, longer experience and more reflection, would and may 
have changed the resolution into this — I will not dine out on the Sabboth unless 
called to it, in the course of divine providence by some peculiar and evident ne- 
cessity or duty. 



22 MEMOIRS OF 

" February 2. — I prayed much to be prepared for the 
celebration of the supper of the Lord, to have my sins 
forgiven and a comfortable assurance of my interest in 
Christ Jesus. But in the evening through attachment 
to company I very much neglected the time of prayer. 

"3d. — Prayed to have my heart prepared for every 
duty, but still there was much folly in me, and I got no 
comfort from the word of God. May the Lord have 
mercy on me ! 

"4th. — I prayed this day much for the Holy Spirit of 
God to direct me and to prepare me to sit at his table — 
visited Mr. Hollingshead, and blessed be God, in con- 
versation, enjoyed much satisfaction about religion — 
confessed my sins, unbelief, dislike to duty, wandering 
thoughts, hardness of heart, want of love to God, sinful 
passions, neglect of the scriptures, pled for pardon through 
Jesus — laid my wants and necessities before the Lord, 
and prayed to have them supplied from his fulness. 

" 5th. — This day I sat to commemorate the dying love 
of Jesus at his table — confessed my sins, and I trust had 
them forgiven, and had my heart somewhat inflamed 
with divine love, and felt desirous for the glory of God. 
Took comfort from Heb. — ' For ye are not come to 
Mount Sinai', &c. The Lord was very merciful to me, 
arid blessed be his name forever. Amen. 

"August 20, 1792. — I was somewhat earnest in pray- 
er to day for the destruction of sin and for the quicken- 
ing of languishing graces : yet in the evening indulged 
lively and too many loose thoughts mingled with pious 
desires. Oh Lord transform me into thine image. 

"23d. — I went to society and being there put to pray- 
er, I was at a loss till the Lord gave me words and he 
gave just as I had need. 



DR. FINLRY. 23 

" 2.5th. — I attended upon religious duties with much 
pleasure to day, and I hope with some profit. 

"26th.— I spent this Sabbath with much satisfaction, 
and in earnest prayer for my soul and for the kingdom 
of Zion : yet there was some folly mixed withal. O 
Lord I am vile. 

" 27th. — I felt grateful to day for mercies, but through 
much of it, religion was dull. Oh Lord, if not for thy 
mercy I am undone forever. 

"September 21. — I spent this morning in reading and 
a form of prayer, but my mind was fall of the world : 
yet I trust I was a little strengthened by the morning 
sermon. The afternoon, however, would condemn me, 
had I never lived another. I was truly dreadfully stu- 
pid, unconcerned and hard hearted. Nothing but free 
grace can save me. 

" 22, 23, 24. — These three days were much like all the 
rest of my life, full of sin and great iniquity, the spirit truly 
warring against the flesh and the flesh against the Spirit, 
and the latter with but too much success. 

" 26th. — This day was to me much more pleasant than 
yesterday. There were many seasons in which my soul 
cried out for God : but my heart was full of anxiety and 
tossings, with respect to the world and my returning 

home. It pleased the Lord to bring Mr. S to see 

me a few minutes, that my heart might be stirred." 

The preceding extracts from several successive 
months of Mr. Finley's diary, during the time spent at 
Charleston, manifest a deep, humble and uniform sense 
of sin and guilt — a constant and vigilant attention to his 
inmost thoughts and exercises of mind — a disposition to 
deny himself and to resist the fashions and the allure- 
ments of the world— a thorough persuasion of entire de- 



24 MEMOIRS OF 

pendence upon God for all good things and ardent desires 
after his communion and likeness — a spirit and habit of 
prayer and supplication for personal sanctification, and 
for the prosperity of religion in the world. The whole 
is expressed in that simple manner which was natural to 
him. 

Having resolved to devote himself to the service of 
God in the ministry of his Son, he became very desirous 
now, of placing himself in a situation where he could 
more successfully prosecute the studies preparatory to 
that sacred office. For this purpose in the Autumn of 
1792, he relinquished his lucrative and laborious station 
in Charleston ; returned to his native place ; resumed 
the instruction of the grammar school in Princeton ; and 
commenced the study of theology under the superin- 
tendence of the venerable President* of Nassau Hall. 
His age and maturity, his classical accuracy and general 
improvement, had now become such, that he advanced 
with uncommon facility and advantage, in the course 
prescribed by his judicious and distinguished theological 
instructor. 

Mr. Finley's peculiar capacity for the government 
and instruction of youth, having been rendered striking- 
ly manifest, he was very soon transferred, with univer- 
sal approbation, from the grammar school, to the office 
of tutor in college. This promotion was effected through 
the united influence of Dr. Witherspoon, president of 

* It was a happy circumstance in the order of providence, that he was enabled 
to enjoy the instructions of Dr. Witherspoon, a philosopher and divine, probably, 
inferior to no man, in regard to accurate, profound and extensive views, on every 
subject of theology and ecclesiastical history, of civil government and human life. 



DR. FINLEY. -' 

the college, and of the Rev. Dr. Samuel S. Smith,* vice- 
president, upon whom the chief management of the insti- 
tution had devolved, in consequence of the advanced age 
and growing infirmities of his illustrious father-in-law. In 
the capacity of tutor, Mr. Finley continued some time, 
laboriously discharging the duties of that office, and close- 
ly applying himself to the several subjects and exercises 
assigned him, as a student of theology. In this arduous 
and responsible station, his vigilance and fidelity render- 
ed him both popular and successful. 

Through the whole of this period, the realities of re- 
ligion appear to have exercised a powerful influence 
over his feelings and views. That the reader may judge 
of the state of his mind, a few extracts from his diary, 
which was continued at this time, will here be inserted. 
The record does not ascertain the particular year in 
which it was written, but exhibits satisfactory internal 
evidence, that it was made while he was tutor in college. 

"September 1st. — This day was another Sabbath. It 
pleased God that I heard a sermon, from Psalm xcii. 12 
— * Teach me so to number my days,' &c. which was 
the means of warming my affections, and raising my de- 
sires after God. I felt my misery, that I am so chained 
down, and so easily engaged in every vanity and folly. 

" 2d. — I was engaged in hard study ; wrote part of a 
sermon, during which time my heart was warmed and 
engaged. Prayer se r med pleasant, and I frequently 

sent ejaculations ; conversed a while with Mr. H . 

and said to him what I could 

* Mr. Finley was frequently heard to speak, with peculiar satisfaction, of the 
important advantages he derived in the latter part of his term of study, from the 
instruction and attention of Dr. Smith, who was then fast approaching the meri- 
dian of his usefulness and splendour. 

4 



26 MEMOIRS OF 

"3d. — Was very much engaged in study, and also 
my mind was pleased in religious exercises, though I have 
it too much to lament, that I cannot love the Lord more, 
and serve him with a more animated zeal. 

" 4th. — Thought early of God and religion this morn- 
ing, even at rising. Studied hard, and with success, un- 
til breakfast ; shortly after, was shocked with a report 
that a young acquaintance, F. Stone, was hurried un- 
timely to the tomb, by a contagious disease ;* which 
ought to have made me tremble ; at length, however, it 
set me to prayer, that my evidences might be brighten- 
ed for eternity, and I prepared to go, if called. 

" 5th — I prayed often and earnestly to-day, that I 
might have my evidences brightened for eternity. A 
few of us met and united in prayer, that the destroying 
angel might be stopped, and the plague arrested in its 
course, and that it might be well with me. 

" 6th, 8th. — My mind was much taken up with my pros- 
pects, these days. I thought it probable I should die 
immediately, and prayed earnestly that my views might 
be made clear for eternit}^. 

"9th. — T. was still anxious, lest I should be infected 
with this fatal disease, and I prayed earnestly, that I 
might be prepared for death, whenever it should appear. 

* This contagious disease was the yellow fever, which appeared in Philadel- 
phia, for the first time, after a long interval, in August, 1793. In the course of 
about three months, in that year, this dreadful disease swept offnearly five thou- 
sand of the inhabitants of that city, was generally considered as extremely infec- 
tious, and spread the utmost alarm over the continent. In this year occurred 
the case to which Mr. Finley refers in his diary. Mr. F. Stone, a young gentle- 
man from the south, who had been in the college, having been engaged in the 
study of law in Philadelphia, during the prevalence of the fever, came on to 
Princeton, was taken ill, and soon died. The disease was then considered as a 
sort of plague, and several of the students had had intercourse with Mr. Stone 
in his illness, without being aware of the nature of his disease at the time. 



DR. FINLEY. 21 

" 10th, 11th. — I was by no means so much engaged 
these days, either in study or religion, being exceeding- 
ly hindered in my room by company. On Wednesday, 
however, I had a very serious and profitable conversation 

with Mr. C. S , and on the eleventh, with Mr. R. 

Russel, upon the necessity of keeping close to our duty, 
wherever we may be, and discovering to each other the 
fallacy of our excuses, and the unreasonableness of our 
neglect, as it arises from want of resolution, or from 
coldness. 

"12th. — This day was not a profitable day to me: 
my mind was too much impressed with some of the af- 
fairs of life, so that I forgot our meeting on Thursday 
evening. 

" 13th. — Was a pleasant day to me; my mind was in 
a calm and heavenly state ; all seemed to be peace and 
harmony, and prayer was much my delight. 

" There was but little variation in the state of my 

mind ; and though I prayed earnestly at the times of 
prayer, yet my mind through the day was either enga- 
ged about the world, or possessed with a languor, and 
too much stupidity. In the evening I retired with my 
friend Mr. Russel, to the wood, where however I did 
not enjoy much of the presence of God, as I fear. 

"My mind was anxiously engaged in the lawful 

pursuits of the world, which however became unlawful 
by excessive application, so that my mind seemed to 
forget that I was made for immortality. The cares of 
office engrossed much attention in the night. 

" It was a good day for me, and I was enabled to 

rejoice ; the sermon was blessed to me, in the evening, 
and at society in college, I had engagedness of mind, and 



28 MEMOIRS OF 

was enabled in some measure to forget the world, and 
desire to live unto the glory of God alone. 

" 19th. — My mind was still engaged in religion, though 
not so much as yesterday. I was perplexed and trou- 
bled about my business in the college. 

" 20th. — Was convicted to day of calling on God only, 
or chiefly, when surrounded with trouble. My soul 
began to groan to return to its rest, but could do nothing 
more than groan ; could get no clear views of the evil 
of sin, of the holiness of God, or of my own need of sal- 
vation. Felt a grievous loss, and knew it was the pre- 
sence of the Lord, but could not find my way to him 
again. 

<l My heart was pained this morning, for the ab- 
sence of Him alone who can comfort the soul: I was of- 
ten engaged in prayer, but seemed not to feel ; but in the 
afternoon, in conversation, my heart grew warm, and I 
enjoyed myself considerably. 

" This day being the Sabbath, I prayed that God 

would manifest himself unto his people ; that his power 
in converting souls might be felt : prayed particularly 
for those who had in any measure been awakened at 
Princeton lately ; that they might be brought on in the 
heavenly road. At sermon my thoughts were too much 
wandering. Prayed in the evening for the rising gene- 
ration ; read an account of great conversions in New- 
England, by which my heart was somewhat warmed. — 
Blessed be the Lord." 

On the 16th day of September, A. D. 1794, and in the 
twenty-fourth year of his age, Mr. Finley was licensed 
to preach the gospel, by the Presbytery of New-Bruns 
wick, under whose care he had prosecuted and comple- 
ted his trial-studies. He entered the ministry at a suita- 



DR. PINL&Y. '2 ( 3 

ble age ; and commenced public life with some peculiar 
advantages. The business of teaching, to which he de- 
voted so considerable a portion of time, after leaving 
college, was followed, immediately, by many important 
benefits* and produced results very useful to him, 
through his whole life. — His knowledge of human na- 
ture, was, by these meansgreatly enlarged! — his acquaint- 
ance with prominent characters and human life, consid- 
erably extended : — his scholarship improved and illus- 
trated : — his vigor of mind and habits of application 
strengthened: — a practical talent was thus early ac- 
quired : — and his whole character was in a considerable 
degree formed and established. 

Mr. Finley spent a few months after licensure, in 
preaching to the congregations, within the bounds of the 
Presbytery of New-Brunswick, and especially to those 
destitute of pastors. At the stated meeting of Presbyte- 
ry, in April 1795, the vacant congregation of Basking 
Ridge, which had shared his visits and services, through 
the preceding winter, presented a call for his pastoral 
labors, and urgently solicited him to undertake the 
work of the ministry, among them. The call being 
found in due form, was put into the hands of Mr. Finley, 
who declared his acceptance of it. According to previ- 
ous appointment, the Presbytery met at Basking Ridge 
on the 16th day of June 1T95, and on the following day, 
solemnly ordained him to the work of the gospel minis- 
try by prayer and the imposition of hands, and installed 
him pastor of that congregation. The ordination ser- 
mon was preached by the Rev. James F. Armstrong :f 

* See Note B. 

f For a sketch of the Rev. J. F. Armstrong's character see Note C. 



30 MEMOIRS OF 

the Rev. Gilbert T. Snowden-* presided in the laying 
on of the hands of the Presbytery ; — and a solemn and 
impressive charge to the newly ordained pastor and to 
the congregation assembJed, was delivered by the Rev. 
Joseph Clark. f 

The congregation at Basking Ridge, embracing a dis- 
trict of country, about ten miles square, and quite thick- 
ly populated — presented a field for ministerial labours, 
extensive and arduous. But the pastor,;}: whom they 
had.chosen, was adapted, in a peculiar manner, to their 
circumstances and character : and the event has prov- 
ed that he was sent to them in " the fulness of the bles- 
sing of the gospel." The congregation, having been 
vacant for a considerable number of years, in conse- 
quence of unhappy dissentions which existed in its bo- 
som, had experienced a great dearth of the word and or- 
dinances of God, and become weary of their destitute 
and afflicted condition. This, together with a recollec- 
tion, still lively in the minds of many, of the advanta- 
ges formerly enjoyed, under the ministry of the pious 
and venerable Mr. Kennedy,^ filled the hearts of the 

* For a brief view of Rev. Mr. Snowden, see Note D. 

f See a sketch of Dr. Clark, Note E. 

\ The following anecdote, which has been obligingly furnished, relates to a 
subject of great importance, and appears calculated to be useful ; — For some time 
after Mr. Finley's settlement at Basking Ridge, he boarded with one of the 
members of the session of this church, who was a very serious and judicious man. 
" Mr. Finley arose very early one morning, saddled his horse, and was just start_ 
ingto attend some appointment, when the elder asked him if he was going before 
morning prayers— Mr. Finley said he believed so. The elder replied, he might 
stand in need of them before night. The reproof was seasonable. Mr. Finley 
returned and went to prayer, and often said, the admonition came sensibly home 
to him, and had an operating influence on his life." 

5 For some observations respecting this highly respectable father in the church 
iee Note F. 



DR. FINLEY. .'J 1 

intelligent and reflecting people, with great desire, to 
enjoy again the stated means of grace. And consider- 
ing the painful disagreement, and utter unsuccessfulnes? 
which had attended, some former attempts, to realize 
this great Christian privilege, it was esteemed a propi- 
tious circumstance, and a token of divine approbation, 
that great unanimity and satisfaction prevailed, among 
this numerous people, in the choice of a pastor which 
had now been made. His manner of preaching from the 
beginning, was peculiarly plain and edifying, and in a 
considerable degree, dignified and earnest. 

He commenced his ministry and continued in the 
practice of writing his sermons, until unexpected and 
frequent calls, to preach and to perform pastoral service, 
compelled him gradually to dispense with this labour 
and at length to relinquish the use of written discourses 
altogether. The congregation manifested peculiar re- 
spect and attention to the character and ministry of their 
pastor : and his labours very soon were followed by a 
visible improvement, in the state of the church and in 
the manners of the people. 

In May 1798, Mr. Finley was united in marriage to 
Miss Esther Caldwell, a daughter of the Rev. James 
Caldwell* who was for twenty years the zealous and be- 
loved Pastor of the Presbyterian congregation at Eliza- 
beth-Town, New-Jersey. 

Soon after Mr. Finley's settlement at Basking Ridge, 
he was induced to undertake the instruction of a small 
number of boys, some of whom were to be prepared for 
business, the greater part for college. Thus was laid 
the foundation of aschool, which became permanent, and 

* For a Biographical view of thii highly respectable minister of the Gospel, bp<> 
NoteG 



32 MEMOIRS OF 

which for popularity, usefulness and real excellence dur- 
ing- twenty years, it is believed has been surpassed by no 
classical seminary, on this continent. In the commence- 
ment ofthis business, Mr. Finley contemplated principal- 
ly giving agreeable and useful employment to that por- 
tion of his time which he could spare from more sacred 
duties and the gratification of a [ew respectable indi- 
viduals,* at whose request it was undertaken, without 
embracing in his view the extent to which it was car- 
ried or the length of time which it was continued. 
His small company of pupils consisting of about ten, 
were taught at first for some time, in a part of his 
own dwelling house. After the room thus occupied be- 
came too small, a convenient building was erected by 
the neighbourhood for the accommodation of the grow- 
ing number of scholars, and after a few years, when the 
increased collection of students demanded still more 
room, a capacious and sightly edifice was built, in part, 
at his own private expense, but principally, by means 
of liberal contributions, from a number of intelligent, 
wealthy and public spirited gentlemen, residing in the 
city of New-York. 

Several circumstances conduced to the success of this 
institution. It was put in operation at a time when 
grammar schools were less numerous in the state of 
New- Jersey than at present. Mr. Finley admitted a con- 
siderable number of the youth into his own family, near 
his person, and under his constant observation. From 

* The most conspicuous of these gentlemen were Dr. George Logan of German. 
Town, Pennsylvania, who committed to Mr. Finley at first two sons, afterwards a 
third, Col. John Bayard of New Brunswick, who placed a grand son under his 
care: Hon. Henry Southard, Mr. Alexander Kirkpatrick, Mr Lmckly and a 
few others members of his congregation, who increased the number and impor 
tance of the school by adding to it, each a son. 



DR. FINLEV. 3.'J 

3Ir. Kennedy's having superintended a similar institu- 
tion, in the same place, the people had become sensible 
of the advantages of such an establishment to the neigh- 
bourhood, and disposed to encourage the seminary, and 
to facilitate all its operations. The situation was es- 
teemed healthful, and the terms of accommodation, were 
made reasonable, in addition to these circumstances, 
.Mr. Finley's thorough experience and established repu- 
tation, as a teacher and disciplinarian, strongly attract- 
ed the public attention and confidence. The impres- 
sion which he had recently made in Charleston, South 
Carolina, while teaching there, induced many wealthy 
and respectable citizens in that region to entrust their 
children to his able instruction and faithful guardian- 
ship. 

From Virginia and Maryland, gentlemen of distinc- 
tion furnished him with many agreeable and promising 
students. But in general, during its last years his school 
was composed of boys from the cities of New-York and 
Philadelphia, and from his native state. The aggregate 
of scholars in this institution, was often very great, for 
years in succession. The number of its pupils original- 
ly restricted to twenty-five, sometimes exceeded forty. 
So far did the applications for admission surpass the ca- 
pacity for accommodation, that the institution might just- 
ly have been denominated a " select school." 

Mr. Finley superintended the institution with great 
fidelity, and personally inspected with vigilance all its 
ordinary operations from Us first establishmenttill his re- 
moval* from Basking Ridge. 

* The labors of his extensive pastoral charge— his disposition for quiet un- 
interrupted study— his agricultural predilection, and especially the trouMr and 
anxiety to himself and family, arising from so much attention to the school- — 

5 



34 MEMOIRS OF 

It was his practice, for many years, to spend some 
hours, generally in the morning of every day, in the 
academy, directing the studies of the youth and as- 
sisting the tutor in all his labours. Being himself ac- 
complished as a scholar, energetic in all his move- 
ments, possessing a peculiar talent to forward boys 
rapidly in their course of improvement, and his as- 
sist ints being generally selected with great care, and 
promptly and assiduously taught to enter into his views 
•and to follow his example, the plan of education pursued 
was calculated to make sound classical scholars, and to 
implant in the pupils' minds, principles and habits of sub- 
ordination and good morals. 

On account of the acknowledged pre-eminence of his 
capacity for government, very untractable and turbu- 
lent youth were at times committed to his care, for the 
purpose of reformation as well as of instruction. This 
frequently afforded an opportunity, and created a neces- 
sity for the exertion of all his masterly powers. The 
insidious and artful could not escape his deep, persever- 
ing and irresistible scrutinies. The most hidden disor- 
ders and crimes, he would, by some means,* detect and 

from necessary responsibility to the public for its success — from participating in 
its daily instructiotv and care: — and from boarding a considerable number of the 
scholars, made him ardeutly wish at one period, to v, ithdraw from that charge. 
Accordingly, by his invitation and request the management of the seminary was 
transferred to VI r. David English, a gentleman of amiable manners and fine scholar- 
ship, who, for a few years conducted the affai-s of the institution in a very reputa- 
ble manner. After Mr. English retired fiom tnis laborious occupation and re- 
turned to Georgetown, where he had before resided, the whole weight of the 
academic establishment devolved again on Mr. Finley. 

* In one instance considerable mischief had been committed, at night, in the 
vicinity of I e village A small house had been stoned, some of its glass broken, 
and i'.« ii '■■■ bi an! very much frightened No charge was alleged against any 
particular individual. It was not even perfectly certain, that a student of the acad- 



DR. F1NLEV. 35 

brrrr to light, often to the astonishment of the perpetra- 
tors. 

Nudavit, coecumque domfis scelus omne, retoxit. 

His disposition and manners, towards the studious and 
amiable, were kind, condescending and affectionate, be- 
yond expression. He would sometimes enter into free 
and familiar conversation with them, on various common 
topics. In his walking excursions over his farm and 
through the contiguous parts of the congregation, he 
would invite some one or more of the youth, at leisure 
seasons, to accompany him. On the way, he sometimes 
exercised the accompanying pupil, by proposing English 
sentences to be Latinized, or false Latin to be rectified. 
This kind of treatment was very useful to the scholar, 
and it attached him exceedingly to his teacher. But 
the idle, the insubordinate and the vicious, he treated with 
rigour, sometimes amounting to real harshness and seve- 
rity ; according to the good old Persian and classical sys- 
tem — 0*u/K.«5-/ fte» ye text 7rctTeg£s viols <ru<PgoB-vv)jv f^ny^xtutrxiKXi 
^iSutkxXoi iruinv xyx&x y.x ^r.jJLXax. 

His aspect was naturally stern and commanding; and 
he could assume a countenance, voice and manner truly 

emy had been concerned in the transaction. Mr. Finley, however, when inform- 
ed of the circumstances, determined to ascertain who had perpetratpd the deed. 
In a silent, and unobserved manner, and with mucli address, he made all possible 
search and continued his investigation for several days No evidence, direct or 
circumstantial, that would criminate any one, could he collect. Yet hethouehthe 
knew the characters of the citizens and of his students so well that he could tell who 
had doue the mischief, and he resolved on (his ground to pursue the following course. 
In the afternoon of a subsequent day he attended in the academy, and towards 
the close of the business of the day. passing near the boy he suspected, he stooped 
down and whispered in his ear—" If you go to night and repair the damages done 
to that house the other evening, making proper acknowledgments to the people 
■who live in it, nothing further will be done in the business." The fellow was 
perfectly amazed, made no reply, but as soon as the school was dismissed, per- 
formed what was demanded, and the affair was settled. 



36 MEMOIRS OF 

terrific. He often presented himself to the indolent and 
refractory, with a dark and menacing contour — *vx.ti 
towus. It was his uniform determination to accomplish 
what he attempted in regard to every youth committed 
to him, to make him a scholar and a good boy if practi- 
cable, in the most easy and agreeable manner, peacea- 
bly if possible, energetically if necessary.* 

The general system of discipline he pursued, was en- 
forced among the whole mass of the pupils with great 
uniformity and impartiality. No scholar was exempted 
from his regular duties, or permitted to pass without the 
just punishment of his offences, from foolish favouritism or 
low policy, nor were any punished through caprice or pas- 
sion. The government was not sometimes relaxed into 
injurious indulgence, and sometimes screwed up into ill- 
judged strictness, but conducted with a firm and steady 
hand. This impartiality and uniformity did not, howev- 
er, prevent his employing a variety of methods to effect 
his purposes with the same or different individuals, at the 
same time, or at various periods. On the contrary, in 
answer to the question, "What ways do you make use 
of in your school V he once replied — "all ways sir." 
By this reply he intended no doubt, that he employed 
all the variety of methods, which reflection suggested, 
or experience pointed out, and which his judgment ap- 
proved, to spur on the indolent, check the presuming, 
and subdue the refractory, to interest the dull, animate 
the desponding and encourage the timid — to awaken 
emulation, to cherish right dispositions and confirm good 
habits. He made use of great exertion and care, to im- 

* After a considprahleexprci.se of discipline among the boys in the academy, 
at a certain time, Mr Finley humorously observed to a friend — "ThoywiVZ find 
out after all that I wont quite kill them." 



DK. FINLET. 37 

part to his pupils, correct ideas and impressions of mor- 
als and religion, and to render them judicious and order- 
ly, in their manners and deportment. A determination 
to bestow particular attention on this branch of educa- 
tion, was manifested by him at an early period in the pro- 
gress of his seminary. During the last ten years of its 
operation, more especially, he reduced his views and 
regulations on this subject, to perfect system, and uni- 
formly assigned to the scholars at the close of the week, 
a religious exercise, to occupy their attention, on the 
Sabbath, and to be exhibited, on the evening of the 
Lord's day, or at the opening of school the next Mon- 
day morning. The nature and extent of this religious 
study, varied with the age, improvement and capacity 
of the pupil. Some were required to learn the Catechism. 
But the greater part recited on prescribed portions of 
the word of God.* At the same time, Mr. Finley watch- 

* The facility, propriety, and advantage, with which the Bible may be intro- 
duced into academies and boarding schools, both male and female, as a Sunday 
study, to be recited Sabbath evenings, or Monday mornings, are so obvious, that 
teachers, superintendents, and trustees of all institutions of this kind, ought 
without delay, to make this a fundamental regulation and indispensable observ- 
ance. The youth, who assemble in these seminaries, are those in general, who 
are destined to fill high and influential stations in society, who from their educa- 
tion, rank and employment, are likely to have a material agency in forming the 
opinionsand regulating the manners of others and of establishing in a considera- 
ble degree, the general character of society. The plan commonly pursued in 
such institutions, of assigning on Saturday, only the usual lesson for Monday 
morn : ng, leaves the r.upil at entire discretion, with regard to the subject which if 
to occupy his thoughts on the Sabbath, excepting only the short period, to be spent 
at church. With far the greater part of youth, this is a certain and immense sac- 
rifice of precious and sacred time Taking into view the extent of the period, 
usually spent in acquiring the elements of an education in any literay establish- 
ment, one lesson each week, or some chapters of the Bible, could not fail to secure 
to everv scholar, of ordinary capacity and application, a most valuable acquaint- 
ance with biblical historv and evangelic truth in general. What a vastly import- 
ant addition is this to the instructions usually communicated io private and public 



38 MEMOIRS Ok' 

ed and observed, as far as possible, the private conduct 
of his boys, and frequently took opportunities, to coun- 
sel and direct such of them, as appeared to him, not de- 
serving of censure, but in need of paternal caution and 
advice in regard to their moral deportment. 

On the whole, this institution was highly respectable, 
and very extensively useful. A considerable number of 
men, from several states in the union, who received the 
elements of their education in its bosom, are pursuing 
professional occupations, and filling distinguished sta- 
tions in society, promising increasing honour to this sem- 
inary, and to the name of its founder, reputation to them- 
selves, and usefulness to their country. 

Important benefits began immediately to result from 
Mr. Finley's ministerial labours at Basking Pcidge. Old 
divisions and animosities disappeared, and the people 
became of one heart and one mind. Habits of attending 
closely and seriously on the public and stated means of 
grace, were revived. The congregation began to im- 
prove in gospel knowledge and discipline. Through 
the divine blessing, pleasing additions were made to the 
church, from year to year. A general amelioration was 
visible, in the whole aspect of society. And a way ap- 
peared to have been thus prepared, through the super- 
intending care and gracious influence of God, for that 
peculiar and joyful visitation of power and mercy, "from 
the presence of the Lord," which was experienced there 

seminaries ! When we consider also the moral improvement which ordinarily 
accompanies or proceeds from the acquirement of sound Christian knowledge — 
how interesting does this subject become ! — how great and manifest the probable 
advantage of pursuing this course ! — how pleasing the reflection to a conscientious, 
faithful teacher, that while he is imparting to his pupils the elements of human 
science, he is furnishing them with the means of becoming, through the blessing of 
God, rvise to salvation. 



DR. FINLEV. 39 

in the eighth year of Mr. Finley's ministry; producing 
most precious and lasting effects among that people, and 
lively emotions of pleasure, through the church in gen- 
eral, in every part of our country. 

But although the foundation was undoubtedly thus 
laid, for the important event which soon followed, there 
was nothing discoverable in the state of the congrega- 
tion, immediately previous, that pointed out its near and 
glorious advent. A powerful and happy awakening and 
revival had been experienced, a short time preceding, 
in the congregation of Morris-Town, then under the 
pastoral care of the Rev. now Doctor James Richards, 
without being attended with a simultaneous excitement 
in the adjacent congregations or surrounding country. 
Indeed, notwithstanding the external attention and or- 
der which had been exhibited, and the salutary influ- 
ence of the stated administration of the divine ordinan- 
ces, which had been witnessed there, it was manifest 
that the life and power of true piety were but little felt, 
and that religion, in its essence and spirit, was at a low 
ebb. Coldness and indifference appeared to have per- 
vaded the church in general, throughout the whole 
state. In this district, however, one auspicious symp- 
tom appeared : while the church slumbered, her pastors 
were awake. 

An association had been recently formed, more espe- 
cially by the ministers of those congregations now em- 
braced by the Presbytery of Jersey,* the object of 
which was to perform preaching tours through their re- 

* This ecclesiastical body was orijinally calUd the Presbytery of New- York. 
In October, 1809, that part of it which lay in the city of New- York and its vicini- 
ty, was set off by an act of the Synod of \>w York and New-Jersey, and consti- 
tuted a new Presbytery, with the name of the Presbytery of New-York. Tke 



40 MEMOIRS OF 

spective congregations, in succession, by two or more 
ministers in company. This evangelizing system had 
been pursued for a number of weeks, and a considerable 
impression made, through the divine blessing, on a 
neighbouring congregation, when Mr. Finley, by invi- 
tation, participated in these labours of love, and was 
touched with a holy spark from heaven, which soon an- 
imated and enkindled a great proportion, of the people 
of his charge. 

A brief representation of this revival,* wich took place 
during the year 1803, was sent, by Mr. Finley, to the 
committee of missions of the general assembly of the Pres- 
byterian church, in a letter addressed to the Rev. Dr. 
Ashbel Green, chairman of said committee, and by 
them published in the general assembly's " Missionary 
Magazine" vol. 1st, page 553. As the communication 
here referred to, gives a correct, unadorned and sol- 
emn account of this important event in the church of 
Christ, and as this magazine is not generally possessed 
through the country, it appears highly proper that this 
authentic and interesting detail should be inserted here 
at full length. 
"Extracts from a letter received from the Rev. Robert 

Finley, at Basking Ridge, New-Jersey, Dec. 23f/, 1804. 

" When the present year commenced, it found us m 
a profound sleep, with regard to our everlasting con- 

remainicg part, situated in the state or New-Jereey, was permitted to retain the 
records, and to proceed as usual, under the new appellation of the Presbytery of 
Jersey. 

* The terra revival is here used according to its ordinary acceptation, to signify 
an extensive out-pouring of the Divine Spirit, and a powerful awakening among 
sinners. For some additional remarks on this subject, a sketch of revivals, &c. 
see noteH. 



DR. FINLE*. 41 

cernSi All was still, nor was there a voice heard. The 
valley of the son of Ilinnom was full of dry bones. Yet 
the day of deliverance was at hand, and at this midnight 
the cry was preparing, " the bridegroom cometh, go ye 
out to meet him." The clergy of the Presbytery of 
New- York, had now for a month or two been engaged 
in preaching from church to church, after the example 
of the Lord's disciples, who were sent out two by two. 
A serious attention to religion had also been excited in 
one of the adjoining churches. In the month of Febru- 
ary I was invited by the Rev. Mr. Armstrong, pastor of 
the church at Mendham, to meet the brethren who were 
to visit his people about that time. I complied, and 
saw a large assembly eagerly bent on hearing the word 
of life. I saw no extraordinary appearances, and in my 
own soul felt no inward refreshings. I then learnt what I 
have felt much more sensibly since, " that it is not of him 
that wiileth, nor of him that runneth," but "that every 
good and perfect gift cometh down from the Father of 
Lights." Being invited to unite in the exertions that 
were making by the clergy, in favour of religion, I 
gladly accepted, and met for the first time with the 
brethren, on the first Tuesday of February. The as- 
sembly to which they preached was neither large nor 
solemn. But while making an address on the expostu- 
lation of Jesus, " why stand ye here all the day idle," 
there was imparted to my soul a sensation and a view, 
which I hope was worth the world. I knew not what 
it was, and hardly what it meant. It was a dark night, 
but it seemed like the beginning of the light of heaven. 
The returning day brought my heart again to the same 
subject. I felt like one who had been bewildered, and 
u-as just awakening to the hope of deliverance from the 

6 



42 MEMOIRS OF 

maze. Towards evening my feelings came to a point, 
and I began to think of the afflicted captives by the 
streams of Babylon. Their mighty attachment to the 
beloved city was understood, and its fallen walls were 
mourned over. The remainder of the week was spent 
in eager lookings for the Sabbath. When the Sabbath 
arrived, the day was stormy and tempestuous, so that 
new discouragements were excited. There had been 
many fine days and crowded assemblies, when there was 
no heart to speak, no agonizing desire to awaken and 
rescue men. And now, when the desire was intense, 
and the resolution superior to ail fear of man, the peo- 
ple were kept at home. It was of Him whose councils 
may not be challenged. Only about twenty persons at- 
tended the church. Of these about one third were pro- 
fessors, and of the remainder there was not one Avho was 
not laid under solemn conviction of sin. It now brings 
to my remembrance the army of Gideon, which was re- 
duced before it could gain the victory. The subject of 
discourse was that day, " the night is far spent, the day 
is at hand." How literally true did the Lord now make 
it thus to be with regard to us. A good portion of the 
few of that day are now in union with the church, and 
none of them have turned back to folly as yet. O that 
the gracious Lord would prevent the curse of Chorazin 
and Bethsaida from coming upon them ! The vibration 
of the stroke upon these few hearts, was more widely 
felt than could have been expected. On the evening- 
following, there were about forty young persons assem- 
bled, for their improvement in music. Their teacher 
did not attend ; and under the awe of the preceding day, 
a few of them desired a discourse. It was given them, 
from the words, " what is thy request ?" It appeared to be 



DR. FINLE1T. 4JJ 

Irom the Lord, that the teacher did not come. Several 
persons were this evening awakened to a consideration 
of their ways ; and when they were dismissed, it was de- 
lightful to observe that they went away with remarkable 
decorum and solemn silence. It seemed as if every 
heart had received a portion, the nature of which was 
yet to be opened up. It was natural and agreeable to 
duty, to keep these things to myself, and ponder them 
well, to see if the Lord was in very deed in them. Near- 
ly the whole who were present on that occasion, are 
now members of the church. 

" On Tuesday of this week, the Rev. Messrs. Kollock 
and Thompson, in their circuit, visited my church for 
the first time : and they appeared to be sent in the ful- 
ness of the blessing of the gospel. The people attended 
generally, and seemed as if they were in expectation that 
something of an interesting nature would take place. 
It has since been seen that impressions before made, 
Avere much deepened, and that various persons were 
newly awakened from their long sleep. The Lord had 
now prepared his means for producing a great and sud- 
den sensibility, on the subjects of the soul and eternity. 
A few persons from Mendham, who were seriously 
seeking for eternal life, continued during Tuesday night 
in this vicinity, and next morning came to converse with 
the ministers at my house. As they approached, who- 
ever beheld them, seemed to look upon them as persons 
that had received a call to prepare to meet their God. 
I was asked whether I would be willing to meet with a 
few that evening : being much indisposed, I declined. 
Notice notwithstanding Avas given of a meeting, and 
when, contrary to my expectation, I attended, judge of 
my joy and wonder, when I saw a large assembly ir» 



44 MEMOIRS of 

solemn and weeping silence. Wherever I turned my 
eyes, 1 observed anxiety and tears. The difficulty of 
begin. ling an address was only equalled by the difiicul 
ty of leaving off. A perfect silence was diffused through- 
out, till we were separating, when two young persons 
who were particular for their intimacy, met each other 
from different parts of the house, and seeing their mutu- 
al situation, fell into each other's arms, with a momen- 
tary emotion, which was widely felt. It was now evi- 
dent to all, that there was much room lor hope and pray- 
er. We therelore appointed to meet on Friday of the 
next week, at the academy. You may suppose, sir, 
that the Sabbath was looked for with an ardent desire. 
It was one of the most stormy days I ever saw. Not- 
withstanding this, we had a considerable assembly, who 
resembled Mr. Bunyan's pilgrim, when putting his hands 
on his ears, he began to run, and cry " Life ! life ! eter- 
nal life !" In company with brother Richards, I took a 
preaching tour this week, (second week of February) 
and left my people until Friday morning. I had a most 
pleasant tour, though it was the severest weather we 
had this winter. In my absence, the almost instantane- 
ous death of one of my most respectable people, greatly 
increased the number and depth of the convictions. A 
large assembly collected at his funeral, and the very si- 
lence that reigned, (for there was no service) seemed to 
be blessed by God to the furtherance of the work. The 
evening of the day on which I returned, was our first 
regular meeting for prayer. The report had by this 
time spread through the congregation, that there was a 
serious awakening in the neighbourhood of the church ; 
so that notwithstanding the darkness of the night and 
badness of travelling, there was a large assembly. A 



DR. FINLEV. 45 

discourse was preached without any thing remarkable, 
except a very fixed attention. When the general round 
of exercises was gone through, it was made known that 
any who wished might depart, but that a few words 
would be addressed to those who were supposed to be 
awakened by the Holy Spirit. No one departed. An 
address was then made, as above mentioned. When the 
awakened being summoned " to come out and separate," 
there was, in the twinkling of an eye, a suppressed cry 
from, it is supposed, not less than fifty persons. That I 
may be understood, I mean by a suppressed cry, a cry 
resembling that which weeping children utter, when 
they are forbidden to weep aloud. I leave you, my 
dear friend, to conceive the sensations that must have 
been awakened, in a case like this, in the bosom of a 
minister. Absorbed and lost in wonder, joy and praise, 
we forgot the time, and passed the hour generally pre- 
scribed by prudence. The first thought of passing time, 
presented us with the hour of eleven. This is a solitary 
instance ; and whether under these circumstances, it can 
be excused or not, I cannot tell. But of this I am cer- 
tain ; it was a night to be remembered among a thou- 
sand. It might be counted upon as certain, that in the 
space of twelve days, from the first Sabbath till now, 
one hundred persons were brought under deep convic- 
tions. 

" On the next Sabbath, each neighbourhood was de- 
sired to institute societies for prayer ; and four or five of 
them were attended each week with preaching. 

" On the third week of February, there Avas nothing re- 
markable till Friday evening, in a distant part of the 
congregation, where there Avas Avceping and lamenta- 
tion Avhich threatened disorder. It was occasioned bv 



46 MEMOIRS OF 

the accidental collection of a number of those most ai- 
fected into one corner of the house. By advice it was 
immediately reduced to silence. This was a time of 
amazement to many hard and wicked persons, and it then 
seemed as if they would all bow with one accord. But 
while men slept, an enemy was permitted to sow tares, 
and for a season the heavenly plant was choked, %n 
other distant parts of the congregation there did not 
promise any thing of a harvest for some time. It might 
have been two months, which brings us to the month of 
May, before the work appeared in a powerful and gene- 
ral manner, in the southern part of the congregation. 
It then appeared to seize on nearly every heart. About 
this time I saw the only bodily affection (as it is called) 
that ever came under my observation. It Avas a case of 
a young woman who might be classed with the Gallios 
in religion. During the greater part of the discourse, 
she appeared utterly unconcerned. Towards the close, 
her countenance changed and fell visibly, and in a mo- 
ment. She began to pant like one asthmatic, shed for a 
minute a flood of tears, and when these were stayed, the 
panting increased, and seemed to approach to suffoca- 
tion. Her hands were cold and considerably convulsed. 
Without the least confusion she was removed into anoth- 
er room, where she was nearly alone, and where she 
could hear, for she was unwilling to be taken from the 
house. I have been more particular on this last point, 
because it is probable some misrepresentations have 
been made. About midsummer, a similar solemnity be- 
gan to appear in the western part of the congregation ; 
and also in that part where it was mentioned the tares 
were sown, there was a precious and most acceptable 
reviving. In every quarter had there now been a truly 



DR. FINLEY. 47 

heavenly shower, excepting in the east. There were 
droppings indeed as from the skirts of a majestic cloud, 
which lightened on some few of the most darkened and 
malignant, and a sure hope enlightened and sweetened 
their souls. 

" When we were almost in despair of this portion of our 
dear people, about the month of November we were an- 
imated with a delightful prospect. On a certain even- 
ing very dark and rainy, not more than forty persons 
attended. But so far as information has been obtained, 
there scarcely was an individual who was not greatly af- 
fected either with joy or anxiety. Some very hardened 
persons wept bitterly, and some very young persons were 
tenderly moved. The renewal of something like this 
has been very refreshing in the same place since that 
time, from which we are looking with humble hope for 
a little harvest. It had often seemed to me almost the 
sole cause of a minister's grief, that men could not be 
made to awake. But now, when there were so many ex- 
cited to a serious consideration, there was an anxiety 
called up in my mind which had been unknown before. 
While the immortal soul stood hesitating between life 
and death, and there was a jeopardy every hour, lest 
temptation should prevail, or death close all opportuni- 
ty, you may well suppose they were viewed with an ear- 
nest eye. Every human excitement was put before the 
heart ; but experience gave evidence that conversion 
was no less a work of God than conviction. There 
were none who were made to taste very speedily of the 
joy of their Lord. In about five or six weeks however, 
there were some who began to hope that the Lord had 
graciously revealed himself to them. But these soon 
lost their hope, and were plunged more deeply thai 1 



48 MEMOIRS OF 

ever into sorrow, and overwhelmed more than before- 
with a sense of their sin and helplessness. Those who 
continued longer before obtaining faith and hope in the 
mercy of God, appeared more steady from the begin- 
ning of their joy. Yet the former did, for the most part, 
recover again and stand more firmly than at first. In 
the course of four months we received into the commun- 
ion of the church, with mixed joy and fear, sixty-four 
persons. Others continued a longer or a shorter period 
as it pleased Him who is the truth and the life. I was 
happy beyond expression, when constantly mingling 
with the people, to find here and there springing up new 
plants of our heavenly Father's planting. 

" In the month of October the church again opened her 
joyful bosom and admitted fifty-six more to its commun- 
ion. In the manner of conviction there was but little 
variety. The general grief was sin, and particularly 
the sin of forgetting God. The Lord brought to their 
remembrance his own expostulation, " If I be a father, 
where is mine honour ?," — Grief for this sin seemed to 
be augmented from finding that by nature their hearts lov- 
ed idols : they were still inclined to follow them. Thus 
were they taught, we hope, that conversion was necessary, 
and that it must come from God. The Lord was very 
gracious in this, that though the conviction was very 
sharp with many, yet I have met with no instance that 
bordered on despair. When the Lord had said, " thou 
hast destroyed thyself," he seemed to add, " but in me 
is thy help found." As the manner of conviction bore 
a strong affinity in nearly all ; so their manner of expres- 
sing their hopes of acceptance with God, had a very- 
great uniformity. There were a very few who in the 
hour of deliverance, felt such a remarkable animation of 



DR. FINLEY. 49 

the pleasing and dutiful dispositions of the heart, that 
they seemed to rest too much on the change of their feel- 
ings and less on the great atonement. And there was 
one and only one instance, of a person whose expe- 
rience was of the visionary kind. While the greater 
part were humbled through a sense of their fallen and 
helpless state, and looked to Him who was lifted up to 
take away the sins of the world ; it was truly refreshing, 
and even establishing to the seeking soul, to hear with 
what clearness some, who had been utterly ignorant of 
religion, now spoke of Christ, as the wisdom and power 
of God to everyone that believeth. I have seen no in- 
stance of raptures, but have seen a great many solid com- 
forts, which were truly delightful to behold. 

" I have already given some intimation of the number 
who were affected with a solemn view of the interests of 
the soul. It has been mentioned that a hundred and 
twenty had been added to the communion of the church. 
About forty others have expressed a belief that they are 
builded upon the Rock of ages. In addition to tnese a 
large number were awakened to some serious concern : 
in all, probably not less than three hundred persons of 
all ages, sexes and descriptions. We had reason to hope 
that an aged man after he had lived considerably above 
eighty years, was received into the divine favour in the 
last month of his life. And what perhaps may be men- 
tioned properly in this place, near the close of the work, 
there were four persons awakened on one Sabbath, each 
nearly seventy years of age. The seriousness among 
little children was also very extensive, and though no 
encouragement whatever was given to do so, it was ad- 
mirable to hear them telling of the light of the scriptures 
and of their fear to go to sleep, lest they should lose 

7 



50 MEMOIRS OF 

their delightful views of heavenly things. The number 
of new eonvictions is now but very small; but that of 
those who heretofore had been roused to consideration 
and are from time to time led to the waters of hea!ing-, 
is comfortably great. Blessed be God, as yet M'e have had 
nothing to lament as to the unbecoming walk of any. 
We have now a goodly flock, but already it begins to 
scatter. Nearly a dozen have removed ; one or two 
have died : so that in a few years we shall stand in the 
same need as ever of a summer and a harvest. Oh ! if 
the Lord may look on us and keep us as the apple of his 
eye, and be ever ready to renew the happy year, which 
in free and rich grace is now given to us ! — 

" Thus, sir, I have traced a few of those events which 
have taken place among us, and if the relation shall be 
any satisfaction to you, it av ill be a pleasure to one, who 
is happy to say how respectfully and affectionately he is 
yours. 

" ROBERT FINLEY." 

In this memorable and precious season, the refreshing- 
influences of the Holy Spirit, were experienced, first in 
the pastor's own heart. But the set time, to favour this 
portion of Zion, had come, and the quickening impulse 
soon became very powerful and very extensive. 
Through the whole of this gracious dispensation to that 
church, the pastor manifested a degree of excitement, 
fervour and joy, which fully corresponded with the 
most powerful and lively operations of divine grace, dis- 
played around him. He gave himself wholly up to God, 
in this great work, as an instrument to increase its effica- 
cy and to magnify its glory. All the powers of his na- 
ture were roused to action, and engaged in his Master's 
and in his peoples' service. He allowed himself time, 



DK. KINLEF. 51 

scarcely sufficient, for necessary refreshment. He visit- 
ed ; he preached ; he taught ; he warned ; he prayed daily 
from house to house, with affectionate importunity and 
flowing tears. He flew, with rapidity, to every quar- 
ter of his extensive congregation, labouring by day and 
by night, to awaken the thoughtless and unmoved, out 
of their perilous and afllicting sleep. In his public dis- 
courses, he spake with a degree of earnestness and ve- 
hemence, truly astonishing, almost more than human. 
His great zeal and corresponding efforts, within his own 
congregation where the same earnestness abounded, 
created no emotions but those of sober admiration, deep 
concern and profound satisfaction. In his occasional 
ministrations, in neighbouring congregations where the 
professors of religion remained formal and lukewarm, 
and where the people in general felt very little interest 
in these eternal concerns, his zeal appeared to some, im- 
moderate and his manner extravagant. In their cold 
and lifeless state they could not enter into his views, nor 
keep pace with his feelings. Hence some accounted 
his unusual warmth and extraordinary exertions enthusi- 
astic. In this, they exposed their own Laodicean tem- 
per and excited his tender pity. 

The "view" with whichhe was visited in the commence- 
ment of this revival, and the renewed impulse, which he 
now received, from above, in his gospel ministry, produ- 
ced in him effects the most permanent and happy. They 
seemed to animate, direct and characterize, all his sub- 
sequent life, in public and in private. It became mani- 
fest that the high tone of religious feeling and uncom- 
mon ardour in exertion, for which Mr. Finley was re- 
markable, perhaps somewhat singular, especially during 
this work of grace among his people, did not spring 



O'Z MEMOIRS OF 

from a transient excitement of the passions, but were pro- 
duced, by a clear and lasting discovery of the vast and 
eternal obligations and interests here involved, accom- 
panied by a rational and sincere regard for the divine 
glory, and an ardent desire for the salvation of souls. — 
This visitation of mercy produced an addition, to the com- 
munion of the church at Basking Ridge, of one hundred 
and thirty-two members. 

The success with which God was pleased, thus early 
to crown his ministrations, contributed in a great de- 
gree, to place him in a conspicuous light before the pub- 
lic and to establish his reputation in the church, as an 
able, faithful and successful minister of the New Testa- 
ment. The world judged correctly, that they, whom 
God so signally honours, in making them the favoured 
instruments of doing so much good to others, deserve pe- 
culiar reverence and honour from men. 

After this season had subsided, and new instances of 
awakening and conversion become comparatively rare, 
many precious fruits of the revival continued to be ex- 
perienced among that people. In the ensuing year, thir- 
ty souls were added to the church, who for the most 
part were considered as gleanings of the preceding har- 
vest. The pastor devoted himself, with great diligence 
and perseverance, to the interests of his flock. Praying 
societies, which had been instituted while the excite- 
ment continued, and conducted without his presence 
and aid, he now fostered as nurseries of piety, and as 
the hope of the church. He watched over new profess- 
ors, and especially the young converts, with parental 
vigilance and fidelity. The poor, the unfortunate and 
the afflicted of Christ's family, shared his peculiar sym- 
pathy and kindness. He took great pains to search out 



DR. UNLET. OO 

and become particularly acquainted with those who 
were in dependent circumsl -posed to difficulties, 

inconveniently situated for attending on the public wor- 
ship of God, and surrounded by corrupt and dangerous 
society. To them he extended the best and speediest re- 
lief in his power. In several instances he incurred con- 
siderable expense in procuring, in the condition of such, 
the changes and ameliorations which he thought neces- 
sary. 

About this period, prejudice against using the Bible as 
a school book, began to manifest itself, and to prevail 
in some parts of this country.* Many of the ignorant 
and unprincipled teachers, who were then in numerous 
instances employed, especially in country places, f enter- 
tained and propagated this unhappy delusion. J 

Mr. Finley exerted all his zeal and influence to retain 
the Bible, and to introduce it to daily use, in all the 
schools of the surrounding country. Under a deep 
persuasion, that children and youth cannot become too 
early and familiarly acquainted with the word of God, 
he devoted himself to this interesting object, till he saw 
it completely attained. He paid considerable atten- 

* See note I. 

t The teacher employed at that time in the village of Basking Ridge, wa; 
strongly opposed to in'roducing the BibU. as a school book When Mr. Finley 
called to recommend the measure, he found him obstinate on the subject, 
disposed to argue, cavil and resist. After making some centle attempts to induce 
his compliance, without perceiving a disposition to yield, Mr. Holey addressed 
him in oubstance as follows: "Sir, my mind is made up on the subject: you 
know ray wish : I have no objection to you as a teacher on auy other ground -. but 
if you don't com pi" immediately on this point, prepare your accounts, and collect 
your money ; for you sha'nt be here a week." That argument had the desired 
effect at once. 

J Sec note .1. 



54 MEMOIRS OV 

tion also, to the characters and qualifications of the 
teachers employed in the schools of his congregation, 
and endeavoured to impress the minds of the people with 
a sense of the necessity and importance of exercising 
prudent care and caution, in engaging instructors for 
their children. 

During several succeeding years, the congregation 
enjoyed no extraordinary effusion of the Holy Spirit, 
but rather exhibited an interesting state of peace, order 
and gradual improvement in divine knowledge and 
grace. Small additions were uniformly made to the 
church, of such as gave evidence of a gracious change, 
and entertained a hope of salvation, through faith in 
Christ. The elders of the church, hand in hand with 
their pastor, as the records of their transactions evince, 
exercised the utmost watchfulness and care over the 
flock, admonishing, exhorting, reproving, with all gen- 
tleness and long suffering. Considering the great in- 
crease in the number of professing Christians, that had 
been recently made, instances of backsliding and apos- 
tacy were unusually rare in that church. 

In the year 1806, Mr. Finley was elected a member 
of the Board of Trustees of the College of New-Jersey. 
This was considered by the public as a very honourable 
testimony of his growing respectability and merit. Lib- 
eral and public spirited in all his views and operations, 
a friend and patron of science and general improvement, 
and warmly attached and devoted to the interests of this 
college, as his alma mater, the fountain. at which he had 
imbibed the streams of knowledge and of religion; he 
discharged the duties of this responsible station, with 
the utmost constancy and faithfulness, till his removal 
from New-Jersev. 



DR. FINLEV. Oy 

In the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and eight, 
his ministerial labours at Basking Ridge were attended 
again with more than ordinary effect. The congrega- 
tion in general were excited to more diligent and seri- 
ous attention to the preaching of God's word and admin- 
istration of his ordinances, than had been Aritnessed for 
several former years. The increase of attention among 
sinners was so considerable, and the divine influence 
communicated to Christians so manifest, as to warrant 
the distinguishing appellation of a revival of religion; 
and this era ought to be viewed as much more than 
ordinarily interesting and prosperous, in the annals of 
that church. For, in the course of this year, about twen- 
ty persons were added to the communion, on professing 
their faith in Christ ; and the numerous body of Chris- 
tians, composing the church, were greatly animated and 
comforted in the divine life. 

In the year eighteen hundred and nine, Mr. Finley 
was selected to preach the missionary sermon during the 
meeting of the General Assembly, in the city of Phila- 
delphia. This service he performed with credit to him- 
self, and satisfaction to the audience. He received the 
thanks of the Assembly, for the zealous effort he had 
made to promote the missionary cause. His modesty 
induced him to decline furnishing a copy of this dis- 
course for publication, notwithstanding this practice had 
been observed, with very few deviations, for many pre- 
ceding years. 

In the same year he was appointed by the General 
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, in connection with 
the Rev. Messrs. John B. Romeyn and Edward D. Griffin, 
"to attend the next meeting of the General Association of 
Connecticut." As a member of this respectable delega- 



56 MEMOIRS OP 

tion, Mr. Finley discharged his duty faithfully and ac- 
ceptably. His interview with the Eastern brethren whom 
he met in that association, gave him great satisfaction ; 
and the travel to Connecticut was greatly serviceable to 
his health, at that time somewhat impaired. 

The year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and 
twelve, which was the seventeenth year of Mr. Finley's 
ministry, presented another very interesting and blessed 
scene in the congregation at Basking Ridge. It pleased 
God at this time, to repeat his gracious visit to that peo- 
ple, and to grant a precious and renewed manifestation 
of his presence, and exercise of his power and mercy on 
the hearts of a considerable number, of all ages and 
characters. The devout and heavenly minded pastor, 
shared sweetly and copiously the divine influences, shed 
down at this period, upon that portion of Zion. His 
soul was enkindled afresh in his Master's service; and 
his powers were stirred up and engaged, to improve the 
propitious season which seemed to be opening again 
upon the people of his charge. Trained by a former 
dispensation of the King of Zion, to the glorious service 
of conducting a triumph of grace, among the guilty and 
rebellious sons of men, and called, as he humbly hoped, 
at this time, to a similar work, on a more extended scale, 
he came forward as a good soldier of the Captain of sal- 
vation, and devoted all his skill, strength and ardour to 
the cause. But Paul may plant and Apollos water, it is 
God who giveth the increase. This visit of the Heaven- 
ly Father, appeared from the result, to have been de- 
signed, in a considerable degree, for the improvement 
and consolation of his own dear people, the subjects of 
his former works of grace. They needed quickening 
and encouragement in the Christian course, and the 



DR. FINLEY. bl 

hearts of many that doubted and feared, were animated 
and established, in the faith and hope of the gospel : 
some that were broken and contrite, that languished 
and fainted, were revived and invigorated ; some that 
hungered and thirsted, were abundantly satisfied and fill- 
ed with gladness, in this time of refreshing from the pres- 
ence of the Lord. While the professing people of God 
were deeply humbled, excited to fervent supplication, 
and brought solemnly to search and try their own hearts, 
and renewedly to accept the Saviour and enter the gos- 
pel refuge : — many trembling sinners were found, anx- 
iously "inquiring what they should do to be saved." 
Meetings, for prayer and pious conversation, were fre- 
quent and crouded. Many solemn and weeping assem- 
blies, by day and at night, with fixed attention and death 
like silence, heard the awakening and cheering messages 
of truth and mercy, from the lips of their beloved and 
evangelic pastor. The number, of souls gathered in to 
Christ at this time, was small,* compared with the fruits 
of a former revival, and with the desires and hopes en- 
tertained on this occasion, and considering how exten- 
sively solemn convictions appeared to prevail through 
the congregation in the progress of this gracious work. 
While Mr. Finley was thus labouring ardently and 
successfully for the promotion of true religion within 
his own congregational charge, the interests and prosper- 
ity of the church in general, lay near his heart. His 
local situation, rendered it more convenient for him, 
than it was for any other principal member of the pres- 
bytery of New-Brunswick, to visit that portion of the 
church, under the care of this presbytery, in the countv 

* About thirty-five. 
8 



58 MEMOIRS OF 

of Sussex, now embraced by the presbytery of New- 
ton,* in which several important congregations were 
wholly vacant, and others painfully agitated with dissen- 
tions and animosities. Animated by zeal, for the gene- 
ral interests of Zion, and excited by a sincere concern, 
for the destitute state of this region, in the church, he 
frequently visited it — sometimes spontaneously — oftener 
at the invitation of some vacant congregation, or request 
of some contending parties — most frequently, by the ap- 
pointment of the presbytery, who were always pleased 
to avail themselves of his services, especially on impor- 
tant occasions. His capacity, for managing difficult and 
critical business, was remarkable and well known. He 
was an acute discerner of the ends and springs of action, 
in every character : — he possessed an uncommon share 
of judgment and prudence : —he was calm and dispas- 
sionate, in a very high degree : — he was fair, frank and 
hones*, in his address : — he was firm and immoveable in 
his adherence to justice and fairness on every subject ; 
he was meek and submissive, patient and persevering : — 
and he was a peculiar lover of peace and harmony.f Ad- 

* The district of the church, here referred to, was set off from the presbytery 
of New Brunswick, and erected into a distinct presbytery bearing the name of the 
"Presbytery of NeMon," byanactof the Synod of New-York and New- Jer- 
sey, at their last meeting in October eighteen hundred and seventeen. 

f In the course of these visits, Mr. Finley had the misfortune to incur the dis- 
pleasure of a brother clergyman, of some standing in the church. The offended per- 
son had manifested his displeasure for some time, very decidedly and openly, so as 
to attract public notice, when, an opportunity was unexpectedly afforded Mr. Fin- 
Jey to manifest one of the excellent dispositions of his heart. The presbytery of 
New Brunswick had just adjourned and were about separating, when some circum- 
stance drew the clergyman referred to, into a room where Mr. Finley and two or 
three other persons were fitting Mr. Finley, immediately rese from his seat, 
addressed the gentleman in a friendly manner, and proceeded calmly to inquire 



DR. FINLEY. 59 

ded to this he had a more accurate, personal knowledge 
of the churches there, than any other man, of his stand- 
ing, in the presbytery. Hence he was selected in many 
instances, as the most suitable character, to go to that 
region of the church, to supply vacant congregations, to 
administer the ordinances of the gospel and to heal di- 
visions among them. He promptly complied, in every 
instance, when his circumstances and engagements at 
home, would at all permit. Nay he acted on the prin- 
ciple, that personal and domestic sacrifices must be 
made, for the sake of discharging faithfully public duty. 
He cheerfully rendered his services and ardently exert- 
ed all his influence, to accomplish the purposes for which 
he was sent, in these successive tours. He had consid- 
erable influence and agency in organizing and bringing 
into the Presbyterian connection, several important and 
growing congregations. And on the whole, he per- 
formed, many arduous and successful services for the 
churches in Sussex, the benefits, of which, will long be 
felt and remembered, by those congregations. 

into the cause of the coolness and neglect, which he had for some time manifested 
towards him. The gentleman making no reply, and showing a disposition to with- 
draw, Mr Finley pressed him still farther in the following words : — " Sir, I am a 
friend of peace. I feel that there is a peculiar impropriety in our living iu this 
manner— it must not be so. If I have injured you, tell me wherein, and I will 
make you any acknowledgment o- reparation in my power this moment, and take 
pleasure in doing it " The gentleman hesitated, appeared sour and unyield- 
ing — M r . Finley proceeded — "well, sir, I can do no more than this"— laying his 
hand upon his naked breast—" I solemnly declare that 1 am unconscious of hav- 
ing ever designedly or inadvertently done you an injury : but if you will only be 
reconciled and give me your hand in friendship, I will get down upon my knees and 
a«k your pardon." The gentleman made no reply, turned about, and left the 
room. Mr. Finley gome time after observed, that subsequently to the above oc- 
currence, he had frequently attempted to court and conciliate this gentleman, 
but that all hij advances and efforts had met with a similar repulse. 



60 MEMOIRS OF 

While Mr.Finley was so unremittingly engaged, in en- 
deavouring to promote religion, in his own charge, and 
so zealously devoted to the interests of some portions of 
the church, which lay within the reach of his own per- 
sonal ministrations, he was also deeply occupied, in de- 
vising and maturing schemes of the most extensive im- 
portance and utility. One ecclesiastical measure in 
which, he had a principal agency, is too important not 
to be particularly noticed, in these memoirs. I mean, 
the system for instructing youth, in the knowledge of the 
Bible, by classes. The plan originated* in the presby- 

* Justice requires it to be distinctly stated that the idea of making this meth- 
od of instructing youth general through ' he church, and of taking presbyterial or- 
der on the subject, was first suggested by the Rev. George S. Woodhull, of Cran- 
bury, New-Jersey A few individual pastors, iu the Presbyterian church, it 
has been ascertained on inquiry, had previously, made some attempts, in their 
respective congregations, to introduce this mode of instruction, but, it is believed, 
without any view to its becoming an established system in the Presbyterian 
church. This happy thought first occurred to Mr. Woodhull, and as soon as sug- 
gested, was seized with avidity by Mr. Finley These gentlemen, par nobile 
fratrum, acted in concert, as far as was practicable, in the whole of this business. 
The following extract, from the minutes of the meeting of presbytery, October 
1815, which wasp- inted, distributed through the churches, and laid before Synod, 
to be the basis, of their proceedings on the subject, was reported to presbytery, 
by these gentlemen jointly, as a committee, but was written by the last named 
gentleman : — 

" The committee who were appointed fully to consider and report on the resolu- 
tion passed by the presbytery, recommending to the ministers with pastoral char- 
ges, to form classes of young people in their congregations, for studying and re- 
citing on the Bible, brought in the lollowing report, which was read and adopted, 

viz: 

" The present is an age iu which great exertions are making for the advancement 
of the Redeemer's kingdom, in the world Although for more than twenty years 
the civilized world has been shaken to its centre, by long continued and sanguina- 
ry wars, yet the people of God in Europe and America, have not ceased to send 
missionaries to the heathen, and the word of life to the destitute and poor. No 
plan, however, as your committee be'ieve has yet been formed by any ecclesiasti- 
cal body, for the express purpose of instructing the young in the history, the doc- 
trines, and practical truths of the Bible. Such a plan, if carried into complete and 



DR. FINLE1'. 61 

tery of New-Brunswick, at the semi-annual meeting, in 
October, 1815. 

general execution, we believe would, with the blessing of God, be attended with 
the happiest effeet3. The young people would have their attention directed to 
the most important (ruths ; it would lead the way, by easy stages, to almost daily 
conversations on religious subjects : it would furnish the minds of the young with 
such a fund of knowledge as might prevent their becoming victims of enthusiasm 
and error. It would be advantageous to ministers themselves.: it would excite 
their zeal, and the zeal of their people, and with the blessing of God and the aids 
of his spirit, may be instrumental, in conjunction with other means, of hastening 
thf time .'.In u the knowledge of God and his word shall cover the earth, as the 
waters do the sea. 
" With regard to the details of the plan ofinstruction, yourcoinmittceareof opin- 
in general, each minister of a congregation, must be guided by circum- 
stances, and by his own judgment. Your committee, however, propose the fol- 
lowing : — 

" I. Wherever a class sufficiently numerous in any part of the congregation is 
formed, at the first meeti: g, the minister shall deliver a lecture on five chapters, 
or such other portion of the Bible as he may think proper from the Old or New- 
Testament at his discretion, holding up to view the principal truths contained in, 
those chapters, and explaining the difficult passages they may contain. At the 
next meeting the cla>~ shall be examined on these chapters and another lecture 
then given on other chapters of the Bible — this to be continued weekly or as of- 
ten as may be convenient, and to be accompanied with prayer and singing. 

" 2. If it should be practicable to carry into effect the above plan, the minister 
may deliver lectures on the Bible, on the Sabbath day, and examine the young 
people upon them, as often as he may think proper. 
" Your committee offer the following resolutions — 

" Resolved, That this report be signed by the Moderator and Clerk, and that 
fifty copies thereof be printed, and one copy sent to every congregation un- 
der the care of the presbytery. And that the stated Clerk forward one copy to 
the committee of overtures of the Synod of New York acid New-Jersey at their 
next meeting, with a view of bringing this subject before that body, that they may 
jiike such order thereon as they may see proper. 

" Resolved, That— [This blank was afterwards filled by the presbytery with the 
names of Messrs Finley and Woodhull]— be a committee to superintend the 
printing .Mid distribution of this report. 1 ' 

Although the church and public are indebted in a great degree to the first sug. 
gestcr of this scheme for its past and promising usefulness, Mr Finley is to be 
considered as having been highly instrumental, in maturing the system, seeming 
its adoption and carrying it into practical effect. 



62 MEMOIRS OF 

In the Synod of New-York and New-Jersey, October 
1815, Mr. Finley appeared, in conjunction with his amia- 
ble and excellent associate in this business, to recom- 
mend and support their favourite plan. The outline 
presented in the preceding extract from the minutes of 
the presbytery of New-Brunswick was favourably re- 
ceived by the Synod. A resolution was passed approv- 
ing the plan, accepting the report of the committee on 
the subject,* and directing it to be laid before the next 

* The following extract from the minutes of Synod, will present a view of their 
proceedings in relation to this business, viz: — 

"The committee of overtures reported that they had ovcrtured a plan for in- 
structing the youth by forming classes in the several congregations for studying 
and recitinpr the Bible. 

" A committee is appointed to consider and report fyc. 

" The committee to whom was referred the overture on forming classes of young 
people for studying and reciting the Bible, made the following report which was 
adopted, viz : 

" This is a subject, which in the opinion of your committee, claims an early and 
careful attention, of the Synod. While the whole Christian world concurs in 
presenting to the destitute and uniustructed, the Bible without note or comment, 
as containing the pure and complete word of life, let us not fail to present it, dis- 
tinctly under the same correct and important character, to otir own children and 
youth, and induce them by every engaging means to study it as such, lest the com- 
monness of the Bible among us, connected with any apparent neglect of it, or 
preference of other sources of instruction, should have influence, to diminish iheir 
respect for the sacred volume. To awaken the spirit of inquiry, and engage the 
attention of the understanding in perusing the scriptures, is an object of the first 
importance in the religions education of youth. To prevent or correct habits of 
careless reading, is essential to their progress in knowledge. And to present dis- 
tinctly to their view, the Bible as the pure and complete fountain of religious 
knowledge, is indispensable in a faithful care of their education. Your commit- 
tee therefore beg leave to suggest the propriety of earnestly recommending to 
the ministers and sessions under the care of this Synod, to pay special attention 
to this subject, and provide without delay, for the staled instruction of their chil- 
dren and youth, in distinct portions of the sacred scriptures, in the way cf partic- 
ular study and recitation, upon such plan, and under such arrangements, as each 
minister and session may think expedient :— always taking care, however, that 
this shall not come in the place of learning the catechisms of our church, witfe the 



DR. FINLBT. t).'> 

General Assembly, with a view that the proposed sys- 
tem might be approved and adopted for general use, 
through the Presbyterian Church. 

At the meeting of the General Assembly, in May, 
1816, this important subject was introduced to the atten- 
tion of that venerable body, through the stated clerk* 
of the Synod of New- York and New-Jersey, who, by 
the instructions of Synod, laid before the committee of 
overtures, an attested copy of their proceedings, relative 
to this interesting matter. 

At that meeting of the General Assembly, Mr. Finley 
appeared, to explain and advocate this overtured meas- 
ure, and to render it, if practicable, a grand characteris- 
tic feature of our ecclesiastical system, by obtaining for 
it the approbation and adoption of the supreme judicato- 
ry in the Presbyterian Church. His highest hopes were 
realized. The proposed measure speedily obtained the 
sanction of universal suffrage in the General Assembly, 
and was recommendedf to all the Presbyteries and Con- 
scripture proofs annexed, but be added to it, and make a leading feature in the 
course of religious education Resolved, that an attested copy of the above re- 
port be transmitted by the stated clerk, to the committee of overtures of the next 
General Assembly." 

* The Rev. John M'Dowell, D. D. pastor of the Presbyterian congregation at 
Elizabeth-Town, who, in addition to the other numerous and important services 
rendered to the interests of religion, for many years served the Synod in that 
office, with distinguished ability and universal approbation. 

f The decision of the General Assembly on this subject, contained in their 
printed extracts for the year I81f>, is in the following words : 

" The committee to which was referred the overture from the Synod of New- 
York and New-Jersey, on formiug classes ol young people, for studying and reci- 
ting the Bible, reported : and their report, being read and amended, was adopted, 
and i9 as follows : viz : — 

•' That they consider this subject of great importance, and deserving the atten 
tion and earnest recommendation of the Assembly : therefore, 



64 MEMOIRS OF 

gregations of the Presbyterian Church, to be adopted 
and observed. 

" Resolved, 1st, That it be recommended earnestly, to the ministers and ses- 
sions which are in connection with the General Assembly, to pay a special atten- 
tion to this subject, and provide without delay, for the stated instruction of the 
children and youth in the sacred scriptures, within their respective congregations. 

"2d. That although the particular manner of instruction and recitation in the 
congregations, ought to be left to the discretion of their ministers and sessions 
respectively, yet as some degree of uniformity is desirable, in a business of so 
much magnitude, it is recommended, as the most effectual means of promoting 
the knowledge of the holy scriptures, that, in all our churches, classes be formed 
of the youth, to recite the scriptures in regular order ; that the recitations, if con- 
venient, be as often as once a week, and from two to five chapters appointed for 
each recitation; that the youth may be examined on • 

" 1st. The history of the world, but more especially of the Church of God, and 
of the heathen nations who were God's agents in accomplishing his purposes to- 
wards his church. 

"2d. Persons noted for their piety or ungodliness, and the effects cf their ex- 
ample in promoting or injuring the best interests of mankind. 

"3d. Doctrines and precepts, or ' what man is to believe concerning God, and 
what duly God requires of man.' 

" 4th. Positive ordinances, or the direction which God has given, as to the 
way in which he is to be worshipped acceptably. 

"5th. The particular features of character of which the Spirit of God has given 
notice, both in wicked and good persons ; in the last, particularly regarding those 
who were types of Christ, and in what the typical resemblance consisted. 

"6th. The gradual increase from time to time, of information concerning the 
doctrines contained in the scriptures; noting the admirable adaptation of every 
new revelation of doctrine, to the increased maturity of the church. The nature 
of God's law ; its immutability, as constituting an everlasting rule of right and 
wrong ; the full and perfect illustration of its precepts, given by Christ. 

"7th. The change which God has made from time to time in positive ordinan- 
ces, together with the reasons of that change. The difference between the moral 
law, and those laws which are positive. 

"8th. The illustration of the divine perfections, in the history, biography, 
doctrines and precepts, together with the positive ordinances of the scriptures. 

" 9th. The practical lessons to regulate our conduct in the various relations of 
life. 

"On all these particulars, the meaning of the words used in scripture must be 
ascertained, that thus we may understand what we read. 

"Resolved, 3d, That the Presbyteries under the care of the Assembly, be di. 
rected to take order on this subject; and they are hereby informed, that this is 
not to come in the place of learning the Catechisms of our church, but be added 
to it, as an important branch of religious education.'' 



t)R. FINLfiY. 65 

Mr. Finley was so fully persuaded of the importance 
and excellence* of such a system of pious instruction, 
and so fully determined to try its practical utility, what- 
ever should be the result of the contemplated applica- 
tions to the judicatories of the church, that immediately 
after he had digested the plan in his own mind, he com- 
menced a course of biblical instruction, among the 
youth of his own congregation. This first effort was 
made, at Basking Ridge, in the spring of 1815, and about 
two months preceding the meeting of the Presbytery of 
New-Brunswick, at which the overture to the Synod 
was prepared. Mr. Finley had the unspeakable satis- 
faction to see the Lord smiling upon his favourite plan 
of instruction, and the divine benediction descending 
upon its incipient operations, in a very remarkable man- 
ner. 

The prospects of this congregation, as to spiritual in- 
crease and comfort, were now again greatly brightened, 
by an extraordinary communication from the Father of 
lights and mercies. It pleased the King of Zion to bow 
his heavens, come down, and renew his operations there, 
in a very special and effectual manner. 

The youth, residing principally about the village, 
who had been formed into a class for the purpose of 
prosecuting the Bible study, and who had, for some 
months previous, given careful and diligent attention to 
the course of instruction prescribed, were the first that 
felt this heavenly impulse.- And the circumstances of 
the case were such, as to produce a full belief, that the 
Bible study, so recently introduced, had been very ex- 

* See note K, at the close. 
9 



66 MEMOIRS OF 

tensively, if not exclusively instrumental,* in producing 
this unexpected and most animating excitement. The 
evidences of this gracious work, were first exhibited in 
a prayer meeting, which had been instituted some time 
previous, and observed on Sabbath mornings, before the 
hour of divine service. This society, after having ap- 
peared to diminish in number, and to decline in zeal, 
was observed to increase suddenly, so much, that a lar- 
ger room than that usually occupied became necessary. 
It was at one of these Sabbath morning meetings, that 
the presence and power of the Lord were very clearly 
manifested. Nearly the whole school, a large number 
of young persons belonging to the vicinity, and a pro- 
miscuous assemblage, of all ages and circumstances, 
were present. The Spirit of the Lord descended upon 
them, as a refreshing mighty wind, and filled the house 
with his presence. A considerable number of those 
present, who had been till then careless, were filled 
with deep convictions of sin, and concern for salvation. 
A solemn impression was made on many minds, and a 
seriousness very unusual was spread over the whole as- 
sembly. During this interesting scene, Mr. Finley was 
absent from home, and without the least thought of what 
was taking place there. On his return, after a short ab- 
sence, and receiving information of what had occurred, 

* In a report, by Dr. Green, President of the College of New-Jer=ey, on the 
subject of the revival of religion which took place iu that institution, 1815, the 
study of the holy scriptures is assigned, a* one of its chief " instrumental causes." 
See this report, &c. published by B B. Hopkins, Philadelphia, 13i5. To the 
same instrumental cause, in a very great de,<rf>e, are to be attributed, several 
powerful and txtensive awakening?, recently experienced in ihe Presbvterian 
church, in the state of New-Jersey, in he state of New -York, and ;n other dis- 
tricts of iur country, where the system proposed by the General Assembly has 
been introduced. 



DR. KINLEY. 



67 



mingled emotions of wonder, joy and praise, almost 
overwhelmed his spirit. His first interview with some 
trembling-, anxious youth, belonging to his school, who 
came to him for direction and relief, was extremely af- 
fecting. His tender sensibilities were so much excited, 
that he was at first unable to speak. 

The spirit of this man of God became now again deep- 
ly stirred within him, and he was enabled to make an- 
other great and effectual effort for the promotion of the 
Redeemer's kingdom, among that people. 

A season of deep conviction and anxious inquiry, 
among sinners, now ensued. This work of grace pro- 
gressed, in a silent and hidden manner. It spread grad- 
ually, and almost imperceptibly, in every direction, 
from the region of the church, where it commenced, to 
the extremities of the congregation. The impressions, 
which were most powerful and alarming, seemed to pro- 
duce, in general, no audible out-cry, nor any very strik- 
ing and visible emotions; but multitudes of careless sin- 
ners were filled with solemn concern, and the people 
of God were deeply affected and moved, by the quick- 
ening influences sent down from on high. While the 
awakening was extending, with a steady and uniform 
pace, in every direction Mr. Finley endeavoured to lead 
its way and to aid its progress, by abundant and unweari- 
ed labours. He preached from house to house, in season 
and out of season, with a vehemence, a frequency and a 
perseverance, truly astonishing, almost incredible. His 
discourses were usually long, powerful and alarming. His 
voice, his words and his manner, sometimes, like light- 
ning, seemed to strike the guilty to the floor : sometimes 
his public addresses were of the most tender, pathetic 
and melting kind. In the course of this out-pouring of 



08 MEMOIRS OF 

the Divine Spirit, he preached in a few instances lout- 
times a day; not unfrequently nine times a week; and 
for months together, on an average, once in twenty-four 
hours. His whole heart and spirit seemed to be concen- 
trated and absorbed in this great business. He appeared 
verily to lose sight of himself, of his academic engage- 
ments, of his domestic concerns, of his personal ease, 
and of every interest, but the everlasting interests of 
perishing sinners, and the glory of God. He visited 
from family to family, with the familiarity and affection 
of a friend and father. He advised, instructed and en- 
treated the thoughtless and secure in sin, with prayers to 
God and many tears, to seek the Saviour. He perform- 
ed these duties, with an importunity and solemnity of 
mind, fully convincing every beholder, that he felt his 
awful responsibility; watching for souls, and treating 
with sinners, on the subject of their eternal welfare, as 
an ambassador of the great God. 

The following interesting letter, from a young gen- 
tleman, residing at Basking Ridge during this revival, to a 
respectable lady, who had requested information on this 
subject, is introduced, and will be read with pleasure : 

"Basking Ridge, 30th Sept. 1815. 
" Respected Madam, 

"I now comply with your request, made through 
Mr. G. You may justly accuse me of negligence, in 
omitting thus long to write. When I saw Mr. G. the 
work was in its first stages, and I thought proper to 
delay a few weeks, that I might be enabled to give you 
a more satisfactory statement. 

" The blessed work of the out-pouring of the Spirit of 
God, which has at length spread through different parts 



DR. FINLE*. G9 

of this congregation, first commenced in our academy. 
In the latter part of the month of June, Mr. Finley 
preached a sermon addressed particularly to the youth. 
Although perhaps a more than ordinary attention was 
observable on that day, yet two weeks elapsed before it 
was known that any were seriously awakened; when it 
■was discovered that two young men of our school 
were deeply impressed with a sense of divine things. 
Impressions on the hearts of others, as was afterwards 
discovered, were gradually increasing, who did not for 
several days subsequent to this, manifest it ; until one of 
the young men, who had been disposed to speak lightly 
o f the work, and scoff at the idea that his school- 
fellows were becoming religious, was, while at his 
lodgings, suddenly arrested with an awful apprehen- 
sion of the danger of his state, while out of Christ. This 
had considerable effect with those who had taken part 
with him in his folly. Thus the number of the subjects 
of the work was increasing, until it became so powerful, 
that we were induced to hope for a time, that almost the 
whole school was pressing into the kingdom of our Sa- 
viour. The greater part of the school, which consists 
of about forty-five, were in a greater or less degree 
awakened. What a blessed prospect was then before 
us ! How pleasing to see children of tender age, laying 
aside their childish sports, and to hear them inquiring 
for their Saviour! Compassionate Redeemer! thou 
canst out of the mouth of babes and sucklings, perfect 
praise ! 

"We lament that impressions have worn off with ma- 
ny. But blessed be the name of the Most High, that 
about nine of their number have obtained a comfortable 
hope, that they have been made the subjects of regene- 



70 TilEMOIKS OF 

rating grace. We have strong confidence to hope in 
God, that the seed sown in the hearts of many others, 
will yet spring up, and hear the fruit of eternal life. 
Oh ! Divine Spirit, perfect thy work in the hearts of 
those where thou hast commenced it; begin where it is 
not yet begun ; and bring them all into the fold of Christ. 

" This blessed work, which for some time was confin- 
ed to the academy, has at length spread into various 
parts of the congregation. It is still, we hope, gradual- 
ly extending. About thirty persons, including those of 
the school, have hopefully been converted to the Sa- 
viour. Nearly seventy others are supposed to be in a 
greater or less degree awakened. Mr. Finley labours 
with unwearied diligence. We have praying societies 
every evening in the week, many of which Mr. Finley 
attends. This week, besides the regular services of the 
Sabbath, he has preached seven times. Last evening 
we had a very interesting meeting. God, by his Spirit, 
appeared to be sensibly near. 

" What cause of rejoicing, to the friends of the Re- 
deemer's kingdom in this place, for this gracious visita- 
tion from the presence of the Lord. This is a highly 
favoured people. Madam, unite your prayers with 
ours, for the still greater effusions of the spirit of grace. 
Yea, blessed Saviour, ride forth in the majesty of thy 
gospel, and let this be a rich harvest of the precious 
fruits of eternal life, a glorious in-gathering of precious 
souls to thyself!" 

During this season of revival, which continued about 
eight months, Mr. Finley formed and executed a reso- 
lution, to visit personally, as a minister of the gospel, 
not only all the households belonging strictly to his ex- 



DR. FINLKY. 7\ 

tensive charge, but the great number of families, living 
in the mountainous and barren out-skirts of his congre- 
gation, more particularly on the northwest and south- 
west borders. This brought upon him, in a cold and 
inclement season, a great increase of labour and hard- 
ship, which he endured cheerful ly. To the prosecution 
of this enterprise of benevolence, he devoted those sea- 
sons which he could redeem from the pressure of servi- 
ces and cares nearer home. Thus he endeavoured to 
hunt out the poor and ignorant in their retired dwelling 
places, to rouse them to a sense of sin and danger, and to 
convey to their houses and hearts, the glad tidings of 
pardon and salvation, through the blood of Christ. On 
these tours of compassion, he spent in the whole, at 
different times, about two months, during the "winter of 
1815-16. Sometimes he set out on foot, and travelled 
onward for three or four days, instructing* and praying 
in the families that successively fell in his way. Wher- 
ever he could assemble a sufficient number, even a small 

* In one of Mr. Finley's visits to a remote part of his congregation, he called 
at a habitation, where the head of the family was absent. He soon entered into 
conversa ion with the mis'ress of the house, whom he found at home. She ap- 
peared to be highly pleased with having an opportunity of conversing on religious 
subjects, and with much apparent warm'h and zeal, expressed the most sincere 
love to God, and the greatest desire to be devoted to him. After the conversa- 
tion ended, Mr. Finley called to him one of her childreD, who was in the house, 
and asked him some of those questions which are generally very familiar to chil- 
dren who have been religiously educated, such as, who made you p of what 
were you made ? who is the Redeemer of men p He found that the child was un- 
able to auswerany question of this kind, and had received no instruction from his 
parents in the first piinciples of religion. He then turned to the woman, and in 
a tone of indignation, addressed her : " Woman, is this your love to God? How 
is it possible that you love God, when you neglect to teach your children any 
thing about him?" &c. fir- continued his observations, until she became ninth 
affected, and to appearance deeply impressed. 



72 MEMOIRS Ot 

group, he spent some time in preaching and talking to 
them on the momentous concerns of eternity.* 

In the course of these missionary excursions, he found 
more than fifty families, totally destitute of the sacred 
scriptures. Some of these families, he supplied imme- 
diately, from the small stock of Bibles, Testaments and 
Tracts he usually took with him on these journeys, and 
to the others, he took measures as soon as possible, to 
furnish the word of life.f These labours of love, which 
he accomplished with no inconsiderable exposure and 
fatigue, afforded his own heart much satisfaction, and 
he had reason to believe, were productive of extensive 
benefit to many individuals and families. 

While his expanded benevolence and zeal embraced 
the poor and miserable in the extreme limits, and even 
beyond the confines of his immediate charge, he was in- 
flamed with most warm desires, and employed, as far as 

* It was often difficult to provide agreeable accommodation" for the people that 
attended, and the business of preparing seats, in some instances, fell principally 
upon himself Once in particular, rather than expose the audience *o the incon- 
venience and 'atigue of standing to receive his instructions, after the people be- 
gan to assemble, he took down the loose boards which composed the second floor 
of the house, and made seats of them on chairs and benches, with his own hands, 
for the accommodation of the assembling multitude. 

f Mr. Finley was in the practice of giving Bibles, occasionally at his own ex- 
pense, to the poor, whom he discovered to be destitute, before the Bible Socie- 
ties of this state commenced their operations. A pastor of a congreeation. con- 
tiguous to that of Basking Ridge, on visiting some families, in low circum- 
stances, living near the limits of these respective congregations, offered a poor 
German a Bible, supposing him to have none; to which the German replied, 
" You and Finley mnkes me one very good man, or gives me one very hot ficl! : 
for Finley gives me a Bible many years ago." 



DR. FINLEY. To 

possible, the most vigorous efforts,* to carry on the work 
of grace, which continued in some measure to progress, 
in the interior of his congregation, till the ensuing 
spring. Of the impressions, which had been experien- 
ced, those among the youth, were found in general, to 
\ 

* Mr. Finley's exertions were necessarily moderated towards spring, on nr 
count of the exhausted and reduced state of his health. The following extract from 
a letter to a very respectable friend in the city of New- York, received since 
writing the above, will support and illustrate this remark and other parts of the 
preceding statement : — 

"Basking Ridge, February 14, 1316. 
" Dear Sir, 

" Our past intercourse which I found oftentimes so satisfactory, often occurs to 
my remembrance, and excites a wish that circumstances could admit me to keep 
up the same intercourse we once enjoyed. But so it is, that the business of each day 
and its cares are sufficient and often more than sufficient for itself, and though the 
spirit is willing, it seems impossible to do what would be desirable to my old 
friends. 

" It was a matter of regret that when A was here, he gave me so little ot 

his company. Oh ! could we but love our Saviour as we ought, we should soon 
have our place, where no distance would ever separate us from our friends. 

" The revival of religion in this place languishes and declines, owing in the way 
of means to my being unable to pursue the work with much vigour. The great 
fatigues through which 1 went during the summer and fall, in the end affected my 
nervous system greatly and weakened my strength, in the nay. Still I preach 
about three times a week, besides the Sabbath, and my number of hearers is great. 
New awakenings have not lately occurred, but some of those who have been long 
awakened, are from time to time brought into the city of refuge. The Lord 
grant me a little more strength of body and mind to go on and try to serve Him, 
the remnant of an unprofitable life. In my late attempts to serve God, it ap- 
pears to me there has been less of self than on some former occasions. The little 
acquaintance I have had with revivals of religion, and the great experience I 
have had of spiritual pride, induced me to make the observations, which you noti. 
ced last fall in the Synod, relative to passing public enco?nhims on the female pray- 
ing societies. Concerning the societies, I never had but one opinion, and that 
was in their favour :— but one desire, the Lord increase their number and their 
spirit of prayer. 

" We all send our love to Mrs. , my daughters remember jours affection- 
ately, and with great respect and esteem, 

" I am, Dear Sir, Yours, 

"ROBERT FINLEY." 

10 



74 MEMOIRS OF 

be most deep and permanent. And the individuals, who 
received comfort from God, in their spiritual concerns, 
and in due season, obtained admission to the communion 
of his church, as the fruits of this mercjful visitation, 
amounting- in the whole to about fifty-five, were chiefly 
in the morning of life. Of these, a considerable number 
were students in the academy. Some, who at first 
made light of this sacred work, became subjects of di- 
vine influence, and very early gave evidence of a gra- 
cious change. So general and so strong were the spir- 
itual impulse and fervor, in this institution, that a prayer 
meeting was established and observed regularly with 
great seriousness, among the members of the school 
themselves. Several young men of good talents, be- 
came hopefully pious, during this day of divine power, 
and are contemplating the ministry of the gospel, as the 
end of their studies and the desire of their hearts. 

In the spring of eighteen hundred and sixteen, the 
congregation returned to its ordinary state, which af- 
forded to Mr. Finley, a season of comparative repose, 
very imperiously called for, by the impaired state of his 
health. The ordinary labours he prescribed for himself, 
and faithfully discharged without intermission, having 
been very extensive, and the seasons of excitement and 
revival, in which he made inconceivable exertion, hav- 
ing been quite numerous — it was to be expected not- 
withstanding the uncommon strength and vitality of his 
frame, that the vigour of his constitution and animation of 
his spirit, would feel the effect. At several periods, pre- 
vious to his last great effort, in the service of God, the 
stability of his health, appeared to be considerably sha- 
ken ; so that relaxation from labour and invigoration 
by travelling, became necessary : but his parochial and 



DR. PINLE1 • ' ■> 

domestic tics would not permit him to make excursions, 
so extensive and efficacious, as the condition of his 
nerves demanded. 

The joy he experienced at this period at seeing the 
church open her bosom to receive, to a participation in 
her privileges and hopes, more than fifty returning prod- 
igals, who presented themselves together in the aisle to 
devote themselves to the Lord, did not repair the rava- 
ges of intense exertion, severe exposures, sleepless 
nights, and incessant anxieties, encountered through tin 1 
preceding winter. Probably, at this period the font ' . 
tion of that disease was laid, which prematurely termi- 
nated his course of usefulness and honour in the church 
below. His nervous system presented evidences of 
great debility and disorder. Still he gave nature very 
little opportunity to recover her wasted energy, either 
by a suspension of labour or by a resort to efficient re- 
storatives. He generally increased his exertions when 
at home, to compensate for his short occasional absences, 
for the benefit of his health. In this manner he passed 
away the summer of IS] 6, and on the return of cool and 
bracing weather, his constitution appeared to be much 
invigorated, and his health, on the whole improved. 

About this period Mr. Finley began to disclose with 
freedom, to his friends and to the public, the outlines of 
the noble and benevolent scheme, in behalf of the free 
people of colour in the United States, which his capa- 
cious and philanthropic mind had been for some years 
meditating and maturing and which he prosecuted with 
his characteristic zeal and perseverance until principally 
through his instrumentality, the Colonization Society al 
Washington was formed, December 28, 181& 



7if> 



MEMOIRS OF 



The day, which gave birth to this institution commen- 
ces a new era in the history of the abolition of African 
bondage and vice, degradation and misery, in the Amer- 
can Republic. It opens a widely extended field for 
noble ambition and enterprise in the march of American 
benevolence.* The man, that conceived this benefi- 
cent plan, or in any considerable degree excited the im- 
pulse and directed the movements, which resulted in the 
formation of the society above referred to, let the sys- 
tem prosper or perish, deserves to be placed with Clark- 
son and Wilbcrforce among the distinguished lovers and 
benefactors of mankind. Finley, in the hands of God, 
is believed to have been that man. 

The unhappy circumstances of the free people of col- 
our, in our country, early attracted his attention and 
deeply impressed his mind. Their lamentable condi- 
tion and their gloomy prospects presented themselves to 
his view, and took a strong hold of his humane sensibil- 
ities. There exists satisfactory evidence, that his mind 
had been occupied a considerable time, in endeavour- 
ing to devise some plan that would afford relief to these 
unfortunate, oppressed, and miserable exiles, before he 
gave publicity to his views of the subject. In the year 
1814, he addressed a letter to a very particular friend in 
Philadelphia, a man of intelligence, distinction and pie- 
ty, unbosoming to him his thoughts on this subject, man- 
ifesting his own full persuasion of its high importance, 
and soliciting his friend's opinion and influence, in rela- 
tion to it. 

The following extract, of a letter addressed, to John 
F\ Mumford, Esq. of the city of New-York, by his friend 

* See Note L. 






DR. FINLE1. 11 

Mr. Finley, exhibits some of his early views and opera- 
tions, in regard to this matter : — 

" Basking Ridge, February 14, 101(3. 
"Mr. John P. Mumford, 

"Dear Sir, — The longer I live to see the wretch- 
edness of men, the more I admire the virtue of these, 
who devise and with patient sacrifice labour to execute 
plans for the relief of the wretched. On this subject 
the state of the /m? blacks has very much occupied my 
mind. Their number increases greatly, and their 
wretchedness too as appears to me. Every ihing con- 
nected with their condition, including their colour, is 
against them ; nor is there much prospect that their 
state can ever be greatly ameliorated, while they shall 
continue among us. Could not the rich and benevolent 
devise means to form a colony on some part of Africa, 
similar to the one at Sierra Leone, which might gradual- 
ly induce many free blacks to go and settle, devising for 
them the means of getting there, and of protection and 
support, till they were established? Ought not Congress 
to be petitioned to grant them a district in a good cli- 
mate, say on the shores of the Pacific Ocean ? — Our fa- 
thers brought them here, and we are bound if possible to 
repair the injuries inflicted by our fathers. Could they 
be sent back to Africa, a three-fold benefit would arise. 
We should be cleared of them : — we should send to Af- 
rica a population partially civilized and christianized for 
its benefit: — our blacks themselves would be put in a 
better situation. Think much on this subject — then 
please write to me when you have leisure. 
" I am, Dear Sir, Yours, 

« ROBERT FINLEY." 



i 8 MEMOIRS OF 

When the ensuing spring opened he became more ex- 
tensively interested in this subject, more free in commu- 
nicating his views of it, and more active in endeavour- 
ing, by conversation and correspondence, to engage in 
its favour, persons of talents, wealth and piety, in church 
and state. Through the following summer, in general, 
and especially, in his occasional excursions from home, 
and interviews with his brethren in the ministry, this 
subject appeared to be uniformly uppermost in his 
thoughts, and was the chief topic of his conversation. 
In his applications to individuals for advice and assist- 
ance, he met with very little direct opposition. The 
gentlemen with whom he had intercourse, in relation to 
this object, in general approved the plan so far as it was 
then understood — but, at the same time, a general im- 
pression prevailed, that the whole scheme, though be- 
nevolent and noble, was visionary and impracticable. 
The subject in general which he had deeply considered, 
and the opinions of his friends whom he had consulted, 
furnished so much encouragement, that he resolved to 
make a great effort to carry his benevolent views into 
effect. An important question was then to be decided : 
in what place and in what manner would it be best to 
commence active operations in pursuing the proposed 
object ? In contemplating this preliminary inquiry and 
in making additional preparatory arrangements, he spent 
a considerable part of the fall of 1816. Towards the 
close of November, he became determined to test the 
popularity and in some measure the practicability of the 
whole system, by introducing the subject to public no- 
tice, at the city of Washington. The contemplated 
plan appeared to him to be so vast in its nature and so 
difficult of attainment — the interest involved in it so nu- 



DR. FINLEV. 79 

nierous, extensive and complicated, that he was persua- 
ded it could be carried into effect only by being made an 
object of national patronage. 

After endeavouring some time to obtain for it, friend? 
and advocates in his native state, and in the cities of 
New-York and Philadelphia, he resolved to bring the 
subject forward in the metropolis of the nation, there 
to communicate his own views, to learn the sentiments 
and as far as might be, direct the opinions of others, and 
if practicable procure a deliberate, intelligent and sol- 
emn decision in its favour, inageneral meeting of the citi- 
zens of that place, of the members of Congress and of 
the enlightened individuals convened there from every 
part of our country. His mind was intensely devoted 
to this object, and filled with anxious desires for the fa- 
vourable result of this great experiment. He felt that 
he was about to agitate a delicate, interesting and im- 
portant subject : and as to bold and decisive exertions 
in its support he viewed himself, at this moment as al- 
most alone. 

Had he been acquainted with Mr. Jefferson's letter 
on this subject, written to a friend by request in 1811, 
but never made public till 1818, the sentiments of that 
distinguished citizen would have afforded him much 
encouragement. Had he possessed a knowledge of the 
transactions, in relation to the free blacks of Virginia, 
which had taken place, previously in the Legislature of 
that Commonwealth — this might reasonably have led 
him to expect aid from that quarter, and would have in- 
spired him with increased confidence in his contempla- 
ted measures. But of the former he could have receiv- 
ed no intimation; and if he possessed any information 
of the latter, it must have been very imperfcrt. He 



80 MEMOIRS OF 

considered himself, and was considered by his friends 
as devising a plan hitherto unthought of. 

Under these circumstances and with these views, Mr. 
Finley set off for Washington towards the close of No- 
vember, 1816. The following communications from 
highly respectable gentlemen residing in the District of 
Columbia will give a comprehensive, judicious and can- 
did view of Mr. Finley's transactions, during his visit at 
the Scat of Government : — 

" Washington, July Uh, 1818. 
" Dear Sir, 

"I owe you an apology for my long silence on a 
subject interesting to me as well as yourself. 

" I have been continually under an intention of wri- 
ting, but have been prevented from time to time, and 
am now unable to do more than to glance at a few cir- 
cumstances. 

"Mr. Finley arrived in Washington about the 1st of 
December, 1816. His journey was partly for the bene- 
fit of his health, and partly with the intent of visiting 
Georgia. But one leading design, and one that seemed 
to be most interesting to him, was the forwarding of 
the colonization plan. Shortly after he arrived, he 
opened to me his views on the subject. I had been 
contemplating the same object from the preceding win- 
ter. I was therefore prepared to enter at once into his 
feelings. Immediately after this, he began seriously to 
make arrangements preparatory to a meeting of the citi- 
zens. He visited several Members of Congress, the 
President, the Heads of Departments and others. He re- 
V viewed a piece, " Thoughts, &c." which he had writ- 
ten previous to his coming here, which we published, 



DR. FINLEY. 81 

and which I send yon, with two other pamphlets rela- 
tive to the same subject. His heart, during the whole 
of this time, was much engaged, and he said he would 
cheerfully give, out of his limited means, five hundred 
dollars, to insure the success of the scheme. His con- 
versation and zeal had a considerable influence in col- 
lecting people to the meeting, and in conciliating many 
who at first appeared opposed. He proposed a prayer 
meeting, for the success of the meetings the evening pre- 
vious to the day appointed fur it, which was held, and in 
which he was earnestly engaged in prayer. The 
pamphlet accompanying this will give you some viev 
of the subject. 

" It wiil be impossible to form an opinion of what was 
done at that time, without having a view of the state of 
the public, at the time of bringing forward the question 
for public consideration. A few persons had barely 
thought of the subject, but in general, had hastily dis- 
missed it, as wholly impracticable. I believe the great- 
er part of the persons at first assembled, were brought 
there from curiosity, or by the solicitation of their 
friends, viewing the scheme as too chimerical for any 
rational being to undertake. A very great change was 
there produced, which has been gradually increasing 
from that time. The organization of the society at that 
lime, maybe principally attributed to Mr. Finley's pre- 
sence here, as it was greatly promoted by his zeal, his 
assiduity and his knowledge of the subject: as his pam- 
phlet show? that his thoughts had been, much occupied 
with it." 

11 



82 MEMOIRS Ot 

"November 10th, 1818, 
s< Rev. and Dear Sir, 

" You ask, sir, what agency Dr. Finley exerted in 
the formation of the Colonization Society, within the 
District of Columbia ? 1 answer, he was the sole mover 
and promoter of it ; nor did he leave the District until 
it was organized, and put into operation. His last pub- 
lic act in the last public meeting, was to make, by the 
request of Mr. Herbert, then a Member of Congress, one 
of the most solemn prayers for its success. When Mr. 
Finley came here I was not acquainted with him, but he 
soon developed his ideas to me upon the subject, which 
you may be sure met with my most decided approba- 
tion. He got introductions to the Heads of Depart- 
ments, and to Mr. Madison himself, told them all what 
he thought upon the subject, the good he thought would 
result from it. Some laughed — others wondered ; — but 
he remained unshaken in his purpose, and told me once 
when we were walking together, 'I know this scheme is 
from God !' 

" I must not conceal, however, that in the Virginia as- 
sembly, which met that fall, a motion was made to colo- 
nize the free people of colour, upon the shores of the 
Pacific Ocean, somewhere near the mouth of the river 

!! and 1 think Mr. Finley's doings here were 

known to that assembly. 

" If this colony should ever be formed in Africa, great 
injustice will be done to Mr. Finley, if in the history of 
iU his name be not mentioned as the first mover, and if 
some town or district in the colony be not called Fin- 



DR. FINLEV. 8,'J 

These letters, from eye-witnesses of Mr. Finley's inde- 
fatigable efforts, partakers in his counsels and exertions, 
place his conduct, on that important and interesting oc- 
casion, in a just and honourable point of view. Mr. 
Finley's "Thoughts on the colonization of free blacks," 
are an important original product ion. The valuable in- 
formation it contains — the excellent spirit it breathes — 
and the traits of originality in matter and manner, which 
it exhibits, render it highly deserving of an insertion in 
this narrative. Full of thought and of zeal, he brings you 
at once, without the formality of an introduction, to the 
main point of discussion. "What shall we do with the 
free people of colour? What can we do for their happi- 
ness consistently with our own? are questions often 
asked by the thinking mind. The desire to make them 
happy has often been felt, but the difficulty of devising 
and accomplishing an efficient plan, has hitherto appear- 
ed too great for humanity itself to accomplish. The 
mind shrunk back from the attempt. The time was not 
arrived. The servitude of the sons of Ham, described 
by Noah in the spirit of prophesy, concerning the future 
condition of his posterity, was not terminated. At pre- 
sent, as if by a divine impulse, men of virtue, piety and 
reflection, are turning their thoughts to this subject, and 
seem to see the wished for plan unfolding, in the gradual 
separation of the black from the white population, by pro- 
viding for the former, some suitable situation, where they 
may enjoy the advantages to which they are entitled by na- 
ture and their Creator'' s will. This is a great subject, 
and there are several weighty questions connected a\ ith 
it, which deserve a deep consideration. 

" Is it a practicable thing to form a colony of free 
blacks in our own wild lands, or on the coast of Africa? 



84 MEMOIRS OF 

" Is it probable that the establishment would be pro- 
ductive of general happiness? 

" What is the most desirable situation for such a set- 
tlement? In what manner, and by whom might such a 
colony be planted with the greatest hope of success ? 

"Much wisdom would no doubt be required in ar- 
ranging a plan of so much magnitude, and some perse- 
verance in executing it and carrying it to perfection. 
Rut it cannot be supposed to be among the things which 
are impracticable, to plant a colony, either of blacks or 
whites, either in Africa, or in some remote district of 
our own country. Most nations have had their colo- 
nies. Greece and Rome planted many, which grew and 
flourished, and which, as they grew, added strength and 
lustre to the mother country. At the present time there 
are few nations who have not their foreign settlements, 
and some of them from year to year are increasing the 
numbers of their colonies. With what ease is Great 
Britain transplanting apart of her population, in the re- 
motest regions of the earth, and peopling New-Holland, 
a land destined like our own to extend the empire of 
liberty and Christian blessings to surrounding nations.* 
It does not appear that it would require much greater 
skill or labour, to form a separate establishment for free 
blacks in our own distant territories, than it is to form a 
new state. The people of colour, observing the con- 
stant emigration of the whites, would soon feel the com- 

* " It is a remarkable instance of the mysterious and inscrutable ways of Pro- 
vidence, that the colony of New-Holland, which is principally composed of British 
convicts, has become flourishing ; its inhabitants peaceable, orderly and indus- 
trious, and through the instrumentality of missionaries, Christianity is flourishing 
among them ; and through them, likely to extend civilization, and the benefits of 
the Christian religion, to the iguorant aud superstitious natives of that cosmtrv 
and the adjacent islands." 



DR. FINLEV. 85 

raon impulse, if they could see a place where they might 
remove, and which they could fondly call their own. 
Many have both the means and disposition to go to any 
reasonable distance, or even to a great distance, where 
they could assume the rank of men, and act their part 
upon the great theatre of life. Their local attachments 
are no stronger than those of other men, their ambition 
no less than that of any other colour. 

"To colonize them in Africa, would be a much more 
arduous undertaking. The country must be explored, 
and some situation chosen, fertile and healthy — expense 
must be incurred, in fair and honourable purchase from 
the natives — an honourable appeal perhaps be made to 
the nations of Europe, as to the justice and humanity of 
our views. An efficient government must, for a time at 
least, be afforded fo the colony — the free blacks must be 
instructed that it would be to their interest to remove 
to the land which gave them origin, and instruction pro- 
vided to raise their minds to that degree of knowledge, 
which in time would fit them for self-government. These 
difficulties are real, and some of them might be found to 
be very great, but they are not insurmountable. "We have 
wisdom in our councils, and energy in our government. 
In such an undertaking, we should have reason and the 
God of eternal justice on our side. Humanity has many 
a virtuous son, who would willingly and carefully ex- 
plore^ the long line of African coast, ^\ hich has not 
fallen under the dominion of any European nation. 
Their devotedness to their country's interest and glory 
would make them faithful to their undertaking, and 
their desire for the happiness of the free people of col- 
our, would induce them if possible to find a country 
where health and plenty might be enjoyed. The con- 



86 MEMOIRS OF 

sent of the chiefs to part with a sufficient portion of soil, 
might be easily obtained, especially when they were 
informed that the sole design of the colony was to re- 
store their own children, and bring them back, free and 
happy. From what has often taken place on the coast 
of Africa, we may be assured that the cost of procuring 
the right of soil, by fair and just purchase, would not be 
great. The expense of conveying the first settlers, of 
maintaining a sufficient force to protect the colony, and 
of supplying the wants of the colonists for a short peri- 
od, might be more considerable. Yet the wisdom of 
congress might devise some means of lightening, per- 
haps of re-paying, the cost. Many of the free people of 
colour have property sufficient to transport, and after- 
ward to establish themselves. The ships of war might 
be employed occasionally in this service, while many 
would indent themselves to procure a passage to the 
land of their independence. The crews of the national 
ships which might be from time to time at the colony, 
would furnish at least a part of that protection which 
would be necessary for the settlers ; and in a little time 
the trade which the colony would open with the interi- 
or, would more than compensate for every expense, if 
the colony were wisely formed. 'From the single river 
of Sierra Leone, where there is a colony of free people 
of colour, the imports in Great Britain were nearly, and 
the exports to the same river full} r , equal to the imports 
and exports, exclusive of the slave trade, of the whole 
extent of the western coast of Africa, prior to the aboli- 
tion of that traffic.'* To allay the jealousies of other 
nations, which might arise from our establishing a settle- 

* " Ninth report of African Institution. 



DR. FINLEY. 8T 

raent in Africa, a successful appeal might be made to 
their justice and humanity. It would be only doing as 
they have done, should no such appeal be made. Spain 
has her settlements in Africa; France, on the rivers 
Gambia and Senegal ; Great Britain, at Sierra Leone 
and the Cape ; Portugal, in Congo and Loango. On 
the principles of justice, no nation would have a right 
to interfere with our intentions. Moreover, in this pe- 
riod of the world, when the voice of justice and human- 
ity begins to be listened to with attention, is there not 
reason to hope, that plans, the sole design of which is 
the benefit of the human race, would be approved in the 
cabinets of princes, and hailed by the benevolent of all 
nations? The colony would not suffer for want of in- 
structors, in morals, religion and the useful arts of life. 
The time at last is come when not a few are imbibing 
the spirit of Him who came from Heaven "to seek and 
save the lost." That spirit is only beginning to go 
forth, which has already been so successful in teaching, 
the Caffre, the Hottentot, the Boshemen, the means of 
present happiness and the way of eternal life.* In the 
mean time the great efforts which are making to improve 
the mental condition of the people of colour seems de- 
signed in providence to prepare them for some great and 
happy change in their situation. 

" It need not be apprehended, that these people would 
be unwilling to remove to the proposed establishment. 
To suppose this, is to suppose that they do not long after 
happiness, that they do not feel the common pride and 

* " A plan of a school was laid in New-York, October, 181G, for the purpose 
of training young people of colour, as teachers for those of their own colour, in this 
country, and to have a supply of instructors ready for the proposed colony, should 
it be ever formed. 



88 MEMOIRS OF 

feelings of men. In some of our great cities there are 
associations formed to open a correspondence with the 
colony at Sierra Leone and prepare their minds for a 
removal to a colony should it be ever formed.* The 
colony at Sierra Leone on the western coast of Africa, 
seems as if designed by God to obviate every difficulty, 
to silence objections, and point out the way in which ev- 
ery obstacle may be removed, if measures sufficiently 
wise are adopted in establishing a similar colony from 
this country. The colony alluded to was first establish- 
ed in the year 1T91. Its first settlers were a few people 
of colour who were in Great Britain, and from 1100 to 
1200 of the same description in Nova Scotia. In the 
year 1311, the population had increased to 2000 exclu- 
sive of many natives, notwithstanding the sickness and 
mortality incident to a new settlement, and the settle- 
ment being once destroyed by the French. In the year 
1816, the population had increased to 3000. f All this 
has been accomplished, or at least it was originated and 
for many years maintained, by a company of benevolent 

* " Such an association exists in Philadelphia. 

f " Early in the winter of 181 C. about thirty people of colour left Boston witli 
a view of settling themselves in the British colony at Siena Leoue. in Africa. 
The vessel in which they sailed was the property and under the command of the 
celebrated Paul Cuffee. Captain Cuffee has returned to this country, and bring3 
letters from the emigrants to their friends and benefactors. We have seen one 
of the letters dated April 3, 1815. It states that they all arrived safe at Sierra 
Leone, after a passage of 55 days, and were welcomed by all in the colouy. The 
place is represented as " good." They have fruits of all kinds and at all seasons 
of the year. The governor gave each family a lot of land in the town, and fifty 
acres of "good land" in the country, or more in proportion to their families. 
Their land in the country is about two miles from town. They have plenty of 
rice and corn, and all other food that is good There were five churches in the 
colony, and three or fonrechools, in one of which there were 130 female African. 1 
who are taught to read the word of God." The Boston Recorder. 



DR. FINLEY. 89 

and enterprising men, by men too who are far removed 
from those places where free blacks are to be found. 
What then might be done under the blessing of that Be- 
ing who wills the happiness of all his creatures, by the 
American government, aided by the benevolence of all 
its citizens, and surrounded with thousands who would 
be willing to emigrate, and many of whom could carry 
with them property, the useful arts of life, and above all, 
the knowledge ofthe benign religion of Christ. 

"Js it probable that the general good would be promoted 
hi/ the establishment of such a colony ? If there is not rea- 
son to believe that it would be for the general benefit, 
the idea ought to be given up and the scheme rejected. 
But is there not reason to believe that the interest of 
the whites and the free people of colour would be equal- 
ly promoted, by the latter being colonized in some suit- 
able situation ? It can scarcely be doubted that slavery 
has an injurious effect on the morals and habits of a 
country where it exists. It insensibly induces a habit of 
indolence. Idleness seldom fails to be attended with 
dissipation. Should the time ever come when slavery 
shall not exist in these states, yet if the people of colour 
remain among us, the effect of their presence will be 
unfavourable to our industry and morals. The recol- 
lection of their former servitude will keep alive the 
feeling that they were formed for labour, and that the 
descendants of their former masters, ought to be exempt, 
at least, from the more humble and toilsome pursuits of 
life. The gradual withdrawing of the blacks would in- 
sensibly, and from an easy necessity induce habits of 
industry, and along with it a love of order and religion. 
Could they be removed to some situation where tlies 
might live alone, society would be saved many a pan-. 

12 



90 MEMOIRS OF 

which now is felt, and must in course of time be much 
more sensibly felt from the intermixture of the different 
colours, and at the same time be relieved from a heavy 
burden, in supporting that large portion of this people 
which falls into poverty and must be maintained by oth- 
ers. If the benefit of the proposed separation would be 
considerable to those states where the people of colour 
are comparatively (ew, how great would it be to those 
where they are very numerous. The love of liberty 
which prevails in those states, must be attended with a 
desire to see abolished a system so contrary to the best 
feelings of our natures. But however strong the desires 
of many, however lively the impressions of the great 
principles of right, or however pungent the convictions 
of a dying bed, it is believed to be unsafe to encourage 
the idea of emancipation. The evil therefore increases 
every year, and the gloomy picture grows darker con- 
tinually, so that the question is often and anxiously ask- 
ed — What mill be the end of all this? The most natural 
and easy answer seems to be — let no time be lost — let a 
colony or colonies be formed on the coast of Africa, and 
let laws be passed permitting the emancipation of slaves 
on condition that they shall be colonized. By these 
means the evil of slavery will be diminished, and in a 
way so gradual as to prepare the whites for the happy 
and progressive change. 

" The benefits of the proposed plan to the race of 
blacks appear to be numerous and great. That they are 
capable of improvement is not to be contradicted, and 
that their improvement progresses daily, notwithstand- 
ing every obstacle, is not to be denied. Their capaci- 
ty for self government whether denied or not, is ever 
present to our view in the island of St. Domingo. But it 



DR. FINLEY. 91 

is in vain that we believe them capable of improvement, 
or that we are convinced that they are equal to the task 
of governing- themselves, unless this unhappy people are 
separated from their former masters. The friends of 
man will strive in vain to raise them to a proper level 
while they remain among us. They will be kept down, 
on the one side by prejudice, too deep rooted to be 
eradicated, on the other, by the recollection of former 
inferiority, and despair of ever assuming an equal stand- 
ing in society. Remove them. Place them by them- 
selves in some climate, congenial with their colour and 
constitutions, and in some fruitful soil ; their contracted 
minds will then expand and their natures rise. The 
hope of place and power will soon create the feeling 
that they are men. Give them the hope of becoming- 
possessed of power and influence, and the pleasure of 
their invigorated minds will be similar to ours in like 
circumstances. At present they have (e\v incentives to 
industry and virtue, compared with those which they 
would feel, in a land which they could call their own, 
and where there Avas no competition except with their 
own colour. 

" This great enterprise, must be undertaken ; either 
by a union of virtuous and pious individuals, as in the 
case of the colony of Sierra Leone already mentioned 
in its original state ; or by the government of the Uni- 
ted States. Perhaps on mature deliberation, it might ap- 
pear a work worthy of the government, and one that 
could be accomplished with the greatest ease and in the 
most efficient manner under the patronage of the nation. 
None but the nation's arm could reach to all the situa- 
tions in which the free blacks are placed through our 
extended country, nor any but its councils be wise 



92 MEMOIRS O* 

enough to accommodate the various interests which 
ought to be consulted in so great an undertaking. If 
wrong has been done to Africa in forcing away her 
weeping children, the wrong can be best redressed, by 
that power which did the injury. If Heaven has been 
offended, by putting chains on those, whom by its eter- 
nal laws it has willed to be free, the same hand which 
provoked the divine displeasure, should offer the aton- 
ing sacrifice. Under a former government this guilt and 
evil were brought principally upon our land ; but for 
many years the state governments, under the eye of 
the general government, continued this great violation 
of the laws of nature. Let then the representatives of 
this great and free people, not only feel it to be their in- 
terest, but their duty and glory to repair the injuries 
done to humanity by our ancestors by restoring to inde- 
pendence those who were forced from their native land ? 
and are now found among us. 

" It remains yet to answer the question: Should con- 
gress in their wisdom adopt the proposed measure ; 
would it best answer the end designed, to plant the co- 
lony in some distant section of our country, or in the 
land to which their colour and original constitution are 
adapted 1 If fixed in the territories of the United States, 
the expense of procuring soil might be saved, and the 
difficulty of removing settlers to the appointed place 
would be diminished, especially if the colony were 
planted at no very great distance in the interior. But 
these advantages would be in part counterbalanced, by 
having in our vicinity an independent settlement of peo- 
ple who were once our slaves. There might be cause 
of dread, lest they should occasionally combine with 
our Indian neighbours, or with those European nation? 



DK. F1NJ.EY. 93 

who have settlements adjacent to our own, and we 
should have them for our enemies. However great the 
distance at which such a settlement would be made in 
our own country, it would furnish great facility to the 
slaves in the nearest states, to desert their masters' ser- 
vice, and escape to a land where their own race was 
sovereign and independent. An easy communication 
would also he open, to send information to those who 
remain in slavery, so as to make them uneasy in their 
servitude. If removed to Africa, these last difficulties 
would disappear, or be greatly diminished. There we 
should have nothing to fear from their becoming our ene- 
mies. Removed far from our sight, our contempt of them, 
produced by their situation, and by long habit confirm- 
ed, would gradually die away, and their jealousy and 
suspicion proportionably decrease. The colony could 
never become an asylum for fugitive slaves, and but lit- 
tle opportunity could be afforded to communicate with 
this country in such a manner as to render the slaves un- 
easy in their masters' service. On the other hand, great 
and happy results might be produced by their being col- 
onized in Africa. It is the country of their fathers, a 
climate suited to their colour, and one to which their 
constitution, but partially altered by their abode in this 
country would soon adapt itself. Who can tell the 
blessings which might in this w r ay be conferred on Afri- 
ca herself, when her strangers should be restored, and 
she should receive her children redeemed from bon- 
dage by the humanity of America, and by the hand of 
virtue and religion restored from their captivity. With 
what delight would she view them, improved in arts, in 
civilization and in knowledge of the true God. She 
would forget her sorrows, her wounds would be healed 



94 MEMOIRS Ol 

and she would bless the hands of her benefactors. Do 
we not owe to that hapless country a debt contracted 
by our fathers ; and how can we so well re-pay it, as by 
transporting to her shores a multitude of its own descen- 
dants, who have learned the arts of life and are softened 
by the power of true religion, and who can therefore be in- 
strumental in taming and placing in fixed abodes, the 
wild and wandering people who now roam over that 
great section of the globe. A nation of Christians 
ought to believe that all the earth is destined to enjoy 
happiness under the dominion of the Prince of peace. 
Africa is not forgotten by Him who ' feeds the spar- 
rows.' The spirit of her people shall arise. Her sons 
shall assume their proper dignity, and she shall yet re- 
joice in her Creator's favour. Heaven executes its pur- 
poses by human agents, and perhaps this may be one of 
those means which are laid up in store to bless the sable 
millions that now exist, the pity of angels, but the scorn 
of thoughtless man. Could any thing be deemed so ef- 
fectual for the happiness of that portion of the world as 
the plan proposed ? In this way there might soon be fix- 
ed a seat of liberal learning in Africa, from which the 
rays of knowledge might dart across those benighted re- 
gions. Is it too much to believe it possible that He 
who brings light out of darkness, and good out of 
evil, has suffered so great an evil to exist as African 
slavery, that in a land of civil liberty and religious 
knowledge, thousands and tens of thousands might at the 
appointed time be prepared to return, and be the great 
instrument of spreading peace and happiness. Let not 
these reflections be thought wholly visionary. We 
know that the ways of the great lluler of the world and 
Dirrctor of events are wonderful and great beyond cal- 



DR. F1NLEY. 95 

culation. We know that groat and increasing benefits 
arise to the natives of Africa from the colony at Sierra 
I .( uiie. From the vicinity of that colony, the son of an 
African chief, who has seen and felt its benefits, thus 
writes in the summer of 1815 : ' What a happy thing it 
is to see the peaceable state that this country is now in ! 
quiet and free from slave vessels! — no dragging of fami- 
lies from one another ! — no innumerable slaves chained 
together, male and female ! and the enemies of humani- 
ty, the slave traders, gradually quitting the country ! It 
has struck me forcibly, that where the gospel makes its 
appearance, there satan's kingdom gradually diminishes. 
May God give grace and perseverance to his servants 
to carry on his work ; and make them instruments in his 
hands of bringing them to perfection. On the fourth of 
June, 1815, ninety children and one adult were baptized 
into the faith of Christ in the colony.' On which occa- 
sion the same young prince thus writes : ' I never was 
better pleased in my lifetime than to see so many of my 
countrymen brought so far as to be baptized, and partic- 
ularly when I saw a grown up native come forward to 
be baptized. We had likewise the happiness of seeing 
our church so full, that some were obliged to stand out 
of doors. Five or six of the native chiefs were present 
on the occasion. I had more hopes that day than I ever 
had of those poor perishing countrymen of mine*'* 
The period in which we live is big with great events, 
and as happy as they are great. It is pregnant with 
greater still. We have lived to see the day when man 
has begun to learn the lesson of freedom and happiness. 
America is blessed with every blessing civil and reli- 

* " Appendix to Christian Observer, for 1813. 



96 MEMOIRS OF 

gious. Europe begins slowly but sensibly to reform her 
governments. The gloomy and dread superstitions of 
Asia, begin to totter before the gospel of Christ. Nor 
shall Africa be forgotten. Her bosom begins to warm 
with hope, and her heart to beat with expectation and 
desire. Toward this land of liberty she turns her eyes, 
and to the representatives of this great and free people, 
she stretches forth her hands, panting for the return of 
her absent sons and daughters. Happy America, if she 
shall endeavour not only to rival other nations in arts 
and arms, but to equal and exceed them in the great 
cause of humanity, which has begun its never ending 
course." 

This treatise is probably the first on this great subject 
ever published in the United States. It exhibits a strong, 
benevolent and active mind, exploring a new, expanded 
and interesting subject, drawing its outlines, its difficul- 
ties, it's advantages, its various points of interest and im- 
portance, in so distinct, judicious and impressive a man- 
ner, that subsequent speakers and writers on the same 
subject, have added little to the soundness of reflection, 
extensiveness of view, and clearness of illustration here 
displayed. This pamphlet excited much attention, and 
had considerable influ nee on the public mind, at its 
first appearance. Through its instrumentality, in con- 
nection with Mr. Finley's personal exertions, a very 
respectable number of gentlemen were convened, ac- 
cording to appointment, on the 21 st of December, 1816, 
for the purpose of forming a colonization society. 

At this meeting the Hon. Henry Clay, Esq. of Ken- 
tucky, presided, and opened the business Avith an appro- 
priate address, which was concluded with the following 
important remarks : — 



DR. FINLEF. 97 

" It was proper and necessary distinctly to state, that 
he understood it constituted no part of the object of this 
meeting, to touch or agitate, in the slightest degree, a 
delicate question connected with another portion of the 
coloured people of our country. It was not proposed 
to deliberate on, or consider at all, any question of eman- 
cipation, or that was connected with the abolition of 
slavery." 

Elias Boudinot Caldwell, Esq. instructed and interest- 
ed this meeting, by a very luminous and eloquent speech, 
of which the following is the closing paragraph : — 

" Among the objections which have been made, I 
must confess that I am most surprised at one which seems 
to be prevalent, to wit, that these people will be unwil- 
ling to be colonized. What, sir, are they not men ? 
Will they not be actuated by the same motives of inte- 
rest and ambition, which influence other men ? or will 
they prefer remaining in a hopeless state of degradation 
for themselves and their children, to the prospect of the 
full enjoyment of the civil rights, and a state of equality ? 
What brought our ancestors to these shores ? They had 
no friendly hand to lead them ; no powerful human arm 
to protect them. They left the land of their nativity, 
the sepulchres of their fathers, the comforts of civilized 
society, and all the endearments of friends and relatives 
and early associations, to traverse the ocean, to clear the 
forests, to encounter all the hardships of a new settle- 
ment, and to brave the dangers of the tomahawk and 
scalping knife. How many were destroyed ! Sometimes 
whole settlements cut off' by disease and hunger — by the 
treachery and cruelty of the savages: yet were they not 
discouraged. What is it impels many Europeans daily 
to seek our shores, and to sell themselves for the prime 

13 



98 MEMOIRS OK 

of their life, to defray the expense of their passages? It 
is that ruling, imperious desire, planted in the breast of 
every man ; the desire of liberty, of standing upon an 
equality with his fellow men. If we were to add to 
these motives the offer of land, and to aid in the expense 
of emigration, and of first settling, they cannot be so 
blind to their own interest, so devoid of every generous 
and noble feeling, as to hesitate about accepting the of- 
fer. It is not a matter of speculation and opinion only. 
It has been satisfactorily ascertained, that numbers will 
gladly accept of the invitation ; and when once the co- 
lony is formed and flourishing, all other obstacles will 
be easily removed. It is for us to make the experi- 
ment and the offer: we shall then, and not till then, 
have discharged our duty. It is a plan in which all in- 
terests, all classes and descriptions of people may unite; 
in which all discordant feelings may be lost in those of 
humanity — in promoting 'peace on earth and good will 
to men.' " 

The illustrious Randolph, of Roanoke, briefly exerted 
his powers in favour of the proposed plan, thus increas- 
ingly endearing to his country his great and splendid 
talents. 

Measures were commenced for bringing this subject 
as speedily as possible before Congress, in a respectful 
memorial, requesting them to procure a territory, in Af- 
rica or elsewhere, suitable for the colonization of the 
free people of colour; and a committee was appointed 
to prepare a constitution and rules for the government 
of the society, to be organized at a subsequent meeting. 
On Saturday, 28th of December, 1816, according to ad- 
journment, a large number of citizens of Washington, 
of Georgetown, of Alexandria, and others, assembled— 



DR. FINLEV. 9^ 

when Mr. Finley enjoyed the peculiar satisfaction of 
seeing the expected constitution reported and unani- 
mously adopted, the "American society for colonizing 
the free people of colour," completely organized, and 
officers appointed for the ensuing year. 

It is an auspicious circumstance in this business, and 
a source of lively gratification, to see at the head of this 
noble institution, which confers honour on our country, 
the name of Washington, with which we are accustomed 
to associate every thing wise and patriotic in council, 
magnanimous and beneficent in action. Tt excites also 
pleasing sensations to find the humble and unaspiring au- 
thor of this heaven-born enterprise, as an acknowledgment 
of his distinguished merit and pre-eminent zeal, enrolled 
in the catalogue of eminent statesmen and patriots who 
were elected as vice-presidents of this society for the 
first year. We cannot but notice with satisfaction the 
resolution which closed this important meeting— a reso- 
lution which does honour to the respectable mover of it, 
and to the whole society: — 

"On motion of Mr. Herbert, resolved unanimously, 
that the R.ev. Robert Finley be requested to close the 
meeting with an address to the throne of grace." 

Mr. Finley's journey to the seat of government, and 
his continued exertions there for several successive 
>veeks, proved very beneficial to his health, and the com- 
plete success which crowned his efforts, gave so pleas- 
ing an excitement to his spirits, that he returned home 
in a state of mind and body much invigorated and im- 
proved. 

On his arrival in Philadelphia, he was grieved to find 
the people of colour in that city filled with painful 
alarms and apprehensions, respecting the nature and oh- 



100 MEMOIRS OF 

ject of the colonization society, so recently instituted at 
Washington. The suspicions and fears of these people 
had been excited in a very considerable degree, by 
means of mistaken or mischievous statements received 
among them, purporting to have been communicated 
from Washington, and representing, in substance, that 
the society established there was designed to remove 
the free people of colour in a forcible manner from this 
country, without making provision for their support and 
comfort. Their prejudice thus inspired, had unhappily 
been strengthened by erroneous suggestions from cer- 
tain persons residing in the city. This unhappy state 
of things Mr. Finley endeavoured immediately to reme- 
dy, by his personal presence and influence. 

The following representation of the measures he 
adopted for that purpose, has beemobligingly furnished 
by a gentleman who received the statement from him- 
self, and of whose correctness there can be no reasona- 
ble doubt : — 

"Dr. Finley had been on a visit to Washington. 
Having returned as far as Philadelphia, he there met 
the Rev. John Gloucester, and from conversation with 
him, found that there was a considerable perturbation in 
the minds of the people of colour, produced by the pro- 
ceedings at Washington relative to their colonization. 
This was immediately after public notice of this business 
had been taken at Washington. A meeting of the peo- 
ple of colour had been called at Philadelphia, and a 
committee of twelve had been appointed by them, to 
take this subject into consideration. Dr. Finley re- 
quested an interview with this committee, and obtained 
it ; eleven out of the twelve attending. He found that 
they were considerably alarmed at the proposed pla* 



DR. FINLEV. 



101 



of colonization, and strongly prejudiced against it, sus- 
pecting that some purpose, injurious to their class of 
people, was hidden under it. He spent nearly an hour 
in conversing with them on that point, endeavouring to 
remove their fears and prejudices, pointing them to the 
character of the gentlemen who advocated the scheme, 
and showing the advantages which would probably re- 
sult from it. At length they declared themselves fully 
satisfied as to this point, that the designs of the gentle- 
men who proposed and advocated the scheme were be- 
nevolent and good, and that the thing in itself was desi- 
rable for them. 

"Having removed this difficulty, the next question 
was, where will be a suitable place for colonization? 
On this point there was a division : some thought they 
should have a part of our back and uncultivated 
lands allowed them : others thought Africa would be the 
most suitable place. Two names in particular I recol- 
lect he mentioned as decided on this last point, J 

F and R A . J. F. he observed, was ani- 
mated on the subject. He said their people would be- 
come a great nation : he pointed to Hayti, and declared 
it as his opinion that their people could not always be 
detained in their present bondage : he remarked on the 
peculiarly oppressive situation of his people in our land, 
observing that neither riches nor education could put 
them on a level with the whites, and that the more 
wealthy and the better informed any of them became, the 
more wretched they were made ; for they felt their de- 
gradation more acutely. He gave it as his decided 
opinion that Africa was the proper place for a colon}*. 
He observed to those present, that should they settle any 
where in the vicinity of the whites, their condition must 



102 MEMOIRS OF 

become before many years as bad as it now is, since the 
white population is continually rolling back, and ere 
long they must be encompassed again with whites. 

" R. A. spoke with warmth on some oppressions which 
they suffer from the whites, and spoke warmly in favour 
of colonization in Africa, declaring that were he 
young he would go himself. He spoke of the advanta- 
ges of the colony at Sierra Leone, and highly of Paul 
Guffee. He considered the present plan of colonization 
as holding out great advantages for the blacks who are 
now young. 

" The committee of whom I speak were of the most re- 
spectable class of blacks. So far as I recollect, this is 
the substance of what Dr. Finley told me. As far as I 
have gone, you may rely on facts." 

This communication is introduced, chiefly to show, 
with what steadfastness, solicitude and indefatigable dili- 
gence, Mr. Finley prosecuted this noble object. It 
may teach us also with what sentiments, this benevolent 
system will probably be viewed by the more enlighten- 
ed, moral and respectable part of the people of colour, 
in cool, dispassionate and reflecting moments, when their 
suspicion and prejudice, are in some measure removed 
by proper explanations of the nature and design, benefits 
and prospects of this society. 

Mr. Finley arrived at home about the middle of Jan- 
uary, 1817. The Legislature of New- Jersey were then 
in session, which usually attracts to the seat of govern- 
ment, a considerable number of respectable individuals, 
besides the representatives from the several counties in 
the state. Deeply interested in the progress of the col- 
onization scheme, and anxious to embrace every oppor- 
tunity of prosecuting its interests, after a short repose at 



. dr. hnli:i . 103 

home, he visited Trenton, with a view to attempt the 
formation of a subordinate colonization society for the 
state of New-Jersey.* On his arrival at the seat of 
government, he found a spirit of indifference to this 
great object, bordering on hostility to it, in some instan- 
ces existing. After he had spent some time in endeav- 
ouring to remove these prejudices, and to conciliate 
those who appeared to be indifferent or disaffected, a 
public meeting was held in the State House, at which, 
notwithstanding the extreme inclemency of the weather, 
a number of the principal citizens of Trenton, many 
members of the Legislature, and a considerable number 
of gentlemen of distinction, from different parts of the 
state attended. The proposal for establishing a col- 

* The following memorial which had heeR previously printed and circulated 
will suggest to the reader another motive that influenced Mr. Finley in the visit 
here mentioned : — 

11 To the Honourable the Legislature of New-Jersey. 

"The Memorial and Petition of the subscribers, inhabitants of New-Jersey, 
showeth that they have viewed with great interest and concern the present condi- 
tion and future prospects of the free people of colour in this and our sister states, 
While the love ofliberty, and the feelings of humanity have produced the eman- 
cipation of a great number of these people, and are gradually effecting the free- 
dom of the rest; it is with much regret that your petitioners observe the degra- 
ded situation in which those who have been freed from slavery remain ; and from a 
variety of considerations will probably remain while they continue among the 
whit-. 

" To enable them to rise to that condition to which they are entitled by the 
laws of God and nature, it appears desirable, and even necessary, to separate them 
from their former masters and place them in some favourable situation by them- 
selves, perhaps in Africa, the land of their fathers. It is therefore respectfully re- 
quested of the legislature to instruct, by resolution or otherwise, the senato;s and 
representatives from the state of New Jersey, to lay before the congress at their 
next meeting, as a subject of consideration, the expediency of forcing a colony en 
the coast of Africa or elsewhere, where such of the people of colour as are now 
free, or may be herea.'ter set free, may with their own coosent be removed • an^I 
your petitioners will, as in duty bound, ever pray." 



104 MEMOIRS O* 

onization society* auxiliary to that formed at Washing- 
ton, was agreed to — a plan of a constitution for the same, 
was prepared and adopted — and officers were appoint- 
ed for the ensuing year. 

" The following extract from a letter received by Mr. 
Finley from Paul Cuffee will be read with interest : — 

" Westport — -first month, (January) 8, 1817. 

" I received thy letter of the 5th ult. not in time to an- 
swer thee at Washington. I observe in the printed pe- 
tition in thy letter, the great and laborious task you are 
engaged in, and my desires are that you may be guided 
by wisdom's best means. I stand as it were in a low 
place, and am not able to see far. But, blessed be God, 
who hath created all things, and who is able to make 
use of instruments as best pleaseth Him, and may I be 
resigned to his holy will. The population, of Sierra 
Leone, in loll, was two thousand, and one thousand in 
the suburbs. Since that time they have not been num- 
bered. But from 1811, to 1815, I think the colony has 
much improved. They are entitled to every privilege 
of free-born citizens, and fill stations in their courts." 

The society for colonizing the free people of col- 
our, established at Washington, December 1816, held 
its first anniversary, on Thursday, the first of January, 
1818, in the chamber of the House of Representatives. 
The appropriate address with which the Hon. Bushrod 
Washington, president of the society, opened the meet- 

* It is much regretted that this society has not been convened since the adjourned 
meeting held in the city of Trenton soon after its form »tion. Its officers, its mem - 
bers and its advocates, are, however, only waiting to receive the report of the 
commissioners of the parent society, that, having the great object in contempla- 
tion, more fully and clearly placed before them, they may pursue it with more in- 
telligence and effect. 



DR. FIN'LEl. 105 

ing, presents the following valuable and pleasing intima- 
tions, with regard to the operations and prospects of the 
society : — 

" From every quarter of the United States, the aspira- 
tions of good men have been breathed to Heaven for the 
success of our future labours. 

" Among a small but opulent society of slave-holders 
in Virginia, a subscription has been raised, by the zeal- 
ous exertions of a few individuals, of such magnitude, 
as to illustrate the extent of the funds, which we may hope 
hereafter to command, and to induce a confident hope 
that our labours will be awarded by the willing contri- 
butions of a generous and enlightened people. 

"Other public spirited individuals have forborne to 
make similar efforts, until the success of our preparatory 
measures shall have been clearly ascertained. 

" The society have engaged two agents to explore 
the Western coasts of Africa, and to collect such infor- 
mation as may assist the government of the United States 
in selecting a suitable district on that continent for the 
proposed settlement. The performance of this prelimi- 
nary duty has been confided to Samuel J. Mills, and 
Ebenezer Burgess, gentlemen possessing all the qualifi- 
cations requisite for the important trust confided to 
them ; and their report may reasonably be expected be- 
fore the next annual meeting of the society." 

The following interesting paragraphs are extracted 
from the first annual report of the Board of Managers, 
read at the anniversary of the society : — 

" The first step of the Board of Managers was to pre- 
sent a memorial to Congress at their last session, which, 
with the report of the committee, to whom it was referred, 
is now laid before the society. The nature and novelty 

14 



106 MEMOIRS OF 

of the subject, not less than the mass of busines3 which 
engaged the deliberations of that body, did not permit 
them to pursue the report. 

" We are happy to state that auxiliary societies* have 
been formed, in Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, 
Virginia, and Ohio, and the Board have received infor- 
mation of the intention of forming other societies in dif- 
ferent parts of the country. The extension of these aux- 
iliaries is of the first importance, as it is by their means 
the public mind must be enlightened on the great and 
important objects of the society, and it is through them, 
in some measure, the necessary funds must be drawn for 
its support." 

With regard to the objection founded on the ' sup- 
posed repugnance of the colonists,' this report, furnishes 
the following animating information. 

" The managers have ascertained that there are num- 
bers of the highest standing for intelligence and respect- 
ability among that class of people, who are warmly in 
favour of the plan, from a conviction that it will, if ac- 
complished, powerfully co-operate in placing the situa- 
tion of their brethren here and in Africa, in that scale of 
happiness and respectability among the nations of the 
earth, from which they have long been degraded. 

" Offers of service have been received from many 
worthy and influential individuals of their own colour, 
and from a number of families from different parts of the 
United States, to become the first settlers in the colony, 
whenever a suitable situation shall be procured. The 
managers can with confidence state their belief, that 
they would have no difficulty in procuring individuals 

* To this number might have been added the auxiliary society of New-Jersey. 



DR. F1NLEV. 107 

among them worthy of trust and confidence, to explore 
the country if necessary, and to plant a colony of suffi- 
cient strength to secure its safety and prosperity. 
This being accomplished, there can be no difficulty in 
presenting its importance to their brethren, in such a 
manner, and with such unquestionable testimony, as 
must command their fullest confidence." 

The manner in which the death of Doctor Finley is 
noticed in the close of this report is particularly gratify- 
ing :— 

" The managers cannot pass the occasion, without 
noticing the death of the Reverend Doctor Finley, one 
of the vice Presidents, during the past year. The deep 
interest which he took in the success of the society, and 
the zeal he displayed in its formation, are well known to 
many present. In his last sickness, he was much grati- 
fied upon receiving information of the progress of the 
society, and of its prospects of success. It gave conso- 
lation to his last moments. When we view the society 
in this early stage of its proceedings, as animating the 
hopes and cheering the prospects of the dying Christian 
who had been engaged in its service : when we view it 
as consecrated by the prayers of the pious, may we not 
be led with humble confidence to look to the good hand 
of an overruling Providence to guide its deliberations ? 
May we not expect that the benediction of millions yet 
unborn shall bless its anniversary ?" 

At this anniversary the following important intelli- 
gence was communicated in a concise address by the el- 
oquent and humane Mercer of Virginia, to whose tal- 
ents, influence and liberality, this enterprise is encourag- 
ed to look with hi^h expectation : — 



108 ftlEMOIJiS OF 

"Many thousand individuals you well know Mr, 
President, are restrained said Mr. M. from manumitting 
their slaves, as you and I are, by the melancholy convic- 
tion, that they cannot yield to the suggestions of hu- 
manity, without manifest injury to their country. 

" The rapid increase of the free people of colour, by 
which their number was extended in the ten years pre- 
ceding the last census of the United States, from 15 to 
30,000, if it has not endangered our peace has impaired 
the value of all the private property in a large section of 
our country. Upon our low lands said Mr. Mercer, it 
seems as if some malediction had been shed. The hab- 
itations of our fathers have sunk into ruins, the fields, 
which they tilled have become a wilderness. Such is 
the table land between the valleys of our great rivers. 
Those newly grown and almost impenetrable thickets 
which have succeeded a wretched cultivation, shel- 
ter and conceal a banditti, consisting of this degraded, 
idle and vicious population, who sally forth from their 
coverts, beneath the obscurity of night, and plunder the 
rich proprietors of the valleys. They infest the sub- 
urbs of the towns and cities, where they become the 
depositories of stolen goods, and schooled by neces- 
sity, elude the vigilance of our defective police. 

" The laws of Virginia now discourage, and very wise- 
ly perhaps, the emancipation of slaves. But the very 
policy on which they are founded, will afford every fa- 
cility to emancipation, when the colonization of the 
slave will be the consequence of his liberation." 

In the course of Mr. Finley's visit at the seat of gov- 
ernment, he preached frequently, and the people who 
attended his ministrations in Washington and its vicini- 
ty, became exceedingly pleased and interested in him as 



DR. FINLEZ. 10^ 

a jninister of the gospel. My very respectable corres- 
pondent in that city, has communicated the following 
concise and satisfactory statement on that subject : — 

" During his stay here, Mr. Finley was much engaged 
in preaching and visiting. He preached in Washington, 
Georgetown and Alexandria several times, and to the 
very great acceptance of the people. I never knew a 
preacher in this District, that gained more of the public 
affection, in the short time he was among us. lie re- 
ceived a unanimous call to the Presbyterian Church in 
this city, and I believe would have settled here, but for 
some previous engagements to Georgia, which were 
urged upon him The people were greatly disap- 
pointed upon hearing that he could not settle among 
us. Our congregation is small and poor, yet the salary 
was more than doubled to enable him to come. At a 
meeting of the committee of the church and the elder?, 
of eight persons, five hundred dollars were subscribed 
in addition to their usual subscriptions, to enable Mr. 
Finley to settle here." 

Very soon after Mr. Finley returned from Washing- 
ton, he received the following letter from the Secretary 
of the Corporation of the University of Georgia, inform- 
ing him of his appointment to the Presidency of that in- 
stitution, and urging his acceptance of it: — 

"Athens, December 31, 1816. 
" Fteverend Sir, 

" It is with much sincere pleasure that I take up my 
pen, to address you on the subject of our former corres- 
pondence. This pleasure is not a little increased by the ar- 
dent hope that the correspondence no w officially commen- 
ced, or re-commenced, by the Board of Trustees, will 



1 3 MEMOIRS Ob 

result in your removal to Athens, and in your taking the 
superintendence and direction of the University of 
Georgia. At a late meeting of the Board, the appoint- 
ment was conferred upon you unanimously, and Gover- 
nor Early was directed to announce the same to you, 
and to solicit your acceptance of it, The resolution con- 
ferring the appointment is in the words following, which 
I transcribe, lest the Governor's letter might miscarry: 

"'Resolved, That the Rev. Robert Finley, of New- 
Jersey, be, and he is hereby appointed President of the 
University of Georgia, in the place of the Rev. John 
Brown, resigned, with a salary of $1500 per annum, 
payable quarterly ; and that a copy of the above resolu- 
tion be transmitted to Mr. Finley, by Governor Early, 
the Senior Trustee, presiding at this meeting, together 
with a statement of the present and future funds of the 
University.' 

" Governor Eariy av ill inform you of the state of the 
funds of the institution, present and in prospect. On 
that subject I would only observe, that there is no doubt 
in my mind, that the Trustees will soon possess the 
means as well as the disposition to give their officers 
such salaries as will be perfectly adequate to their com- 
fort and convenience. For reasons which cannot be 
atated in a letter, Dr. Brown tendered his resignation 
to the Board some time in the spring, which was accept- 
ed in November last. The Doctor has retired and re- 
sides a few miles from the village. He is very solicit- 
ous that you should accept the appointment. You will 
find in him a friend and brother and an excellent man. 
Mr. Golding, son-in-law to Dr. Brown, is the professor 
of languages. With equal ardour he awaits your arri- 
val, to take charge of the institution. Mr. Camak, a 



i)R. FINLEY. 1 1 | 

graduate of the South Carolina college, a young gentle- 
man of fine talents, is professor of mathematics and 
astronomy. Dr. Henry Jackson, late American Charge 
d' affairs at Paris, and not yet returned from that coun- 
try, but expected soon, is professor of chemistry, mine- 
ralogy, &c. He is a gentleman of great science, of un- 
common modesty and much merit. In every measure 
having for its object the well being and "well doing of 
the college, you will have the hearty co-operation of the 
faculty, as well as their easy and voluntary subordina- 
tion, and they will be happy in your official connection 
with them. 

" It is wished that you should come on immediately, 
and if necessary without your family, and stay till com- 
mencement, on the second Monday in July, after which 
you could return, and in the course of the following au- 
tumn bring on your family. I hope, my dear sir, you 
will view this as a providential opening for your remo- 
val to a southern climate, and to a sphere of extensive 
usefulness. There are few healthier* ^spots in the 
world than Athens, although it be Georgia. The insti- 
tution has been in operation here sixteen years, and the 
grave of a student is not to be seen. I hope you will 
not hesitate a moment to accept. 

* In confirmation of <his part of Mr. Hodge's instructing and agreeable com- 
munication, a friend residing at Athens, formerly an inhabitant of IVew-Jerscv. 
writes as follows : — 

"Athens, January 2Blh t 181C. 

" A healthier «pot than this cannot be found. The climate is a delightful one. 
This is as pleasant a day as I ever felt in the month of April. Our summers are 
more agreeable than at the north. Our mornings and evenings are like your 
pleasantest weather in June; and it is not uncomfortable in the middle of the 
day, unless exposed to the sun. It seems very congenial to my constitution, r 
enjoy better health than I have in twentv rear?." 



112 MEMOIRS OF 

" In the midst of much other business, preparatory to 
a journey of two weeks' continuance, on which 1 am to 
set out, Deo volente, to morrow, I have written this let- 
ter hastily. Excuse its imperfections, and hare the 
goodness to answer it immediately. 
" I am affectionately 

and very respectfully, 
your friend, 

JOHN HODGE. 
"Rev. R. Finley." 

In a few days after the reception of Mr. Hodge's let- 
ter, Governor Early's official communication on the 
same subject, reached Mr. Finle) r . The subject of his 
removal to Georgia was now presented to him the third 
time, which circumstance, in connection with others, 
rendered the application peculiarly deserving of his re- 
spectful and attentive regard. As the great outlines of 
this important subject, by previous inquiry and reflec- 
tion, had become familiar to his mind, he seems to have 
spent but little time in deliberating upon it, before he 
addressed to Governor Early the following letter, in an- 
swer to that* received from him : — 

"Basking Ridge, Feb. 21, 18 If. 
" Peter Early, Esq. 

" Dear Sir, — Your favour of the date of January 
15, 1317, and with the post-mark of January 29, arrived 
here yesterday, and was received by me to day. A let- 
ter from the Rev. John Hodge, of Athens, had apprised 

* The communication of Gov. Early, which was very valuable and interesting 
on this subject, has been unfortunately lost, in the course of Mr. Pinley's removal. 



DR. F1NLEY. 113 

me of the appointment mentioned in your commun'ca- 
tion : and if I were as well convinced of my ability to 
Gil the station, as I am sensible of the honour conferred 
on me, f should be more gratified with the appointment 
and more ready to accept it. My friends have ever 
been inclined to overrate my qualifications for useful- 
ness, and I have often been afraid, that from this circum- 
stance I might be led to take some step, which in the 
end would be unpleasant to them as well as to myself. In 
the early part of my life I spent a year at Charleston, 
South Carolina, and brought away with me a partiality 
for the South, which at different times has made the 
idea 'of a permanent settlement' in a more southern cli- 
mate, pleasant to me. Some time in the early part of 
January, I had a conversation with the Hon. William 
II. Crawford, Esq. at Washington, on the present state 
and future prospects of Franklin College. From the 
conversation had with him, an idea was received, that 
the funds of the institution now or shortly would war- 
rant a salary of two thousand dollars to the President. 
On the receipt of Mr. Hodge's letter, and after having wait- 
ed forthree weeks for the official information, itappeared 
tome correct, under the impression that your letter might 
have miscarried, to write to Mr. Hodge, and express my 
feelings on this subject, especially as he desired me to 
do so. After seeing a publication in the Savannah Re- 
publican, as your letter did not still arrive, it was deem- 
ed not improper to write to Mr. Crawford, Dr. Kollock, 
and Thomas Gumming, Esq. of Augusta, all of whom 
were understood to belong to the Board of Trustees of 
the University. It was stated in each of the letters 
written to those gentlemen, that the appointment would 
be accepted on condition that the salary of the president 



i 14 MEMOIRS OF 

should be two thousand dollars per annum as soon as the 
funds would admit, and in the just expectation that this 
would be the case in twelve or eighteen months from 
next May ; and on the farther condition that the Board 
should pay the general expenses of removing my family 
from this place to Athens. My property is of such a 
kind that the far greater part must be left behind, or sold 
at a very great loss. Permit me, sir, to state to you for 
the information of the Board, my willingness to accept 
the appointment on the conditions just mentioned. 
Should the conditions appear unreasonable, or it be in- 
expedient to comply with them, it will be a subject of 
Sincere regret to me, that the Trustees should be disap- 
pointed, or the institution suffer in the slightest degree. 
It was perhaps wished that I should come immediately 
on, after receiving notice of the appointment. But when 
it is considered that there is in this place an academy un- 
der my superintendence, which could not be dissolved 
at once without some appearance of impropriety ; and 
further, that as a clergyman, my connection with the 
church of which I am pastor, is formed by the power of 
a Presbytery, and can regularly be dissolved by it alone; 
it appeared to me too great a violation of propriety, to 
think of coming before May. It was intimated to the 
gentlemen to whom I wrote, that I would prepare to 
leave New- York by the first good vessel that may sail 
for Savannah in that month. Arrangements will be go- 
ing forward, as if a removal were determined on, but in 
such a way as to suit my convenience in removing or 
continuing where I am. I am sensible that there cannot 
well be a meeting of the Board to determine on the 
points in question within the time proposed, and that I 
must be satisfied with individual opinions. It will there- 



DR. F1NLEV. 1 1£» 

lore be acceptable if these opinions should be express- 
ed without any reserve, and as soon as convenient. 

"You -will be good enough to see nothing but the 
frankness of a candid mind, in all that I have done since 
the receipt of Mr. Hodge's letter, and a desire to meet 
the wishes of the trustees in a way compatible with my 
own interests. Should it be so directed, it cannot but 
be very agreeable to me, to labour with yourself in pro- 
moting the interests of literature in Georgia, and there- 
by benefitting our fellow men. 

" It gives me pleasure to assure you, Sir, that with es- 
teem and very great respect, 
I am, sincerely, 

Yours, 

ROBERT FINLEY." 

The period that elapsed between ihe sending of this let- 
ter, and the reception of an answer, was to Mr. Finley 
a season of great suspense and anxiety. His mind, dur- 
ing this period " fatis contraria fata rependens" seems to 
have taken some new and unfavourable views of the sub- 
ject. The difficulties attending the transportation of a 
large family, to so remote a situation — the painful emo- 
tions excited by the near view of entire separation from 
numerous, respectable and dear relatives, and settling in 
a land of strangers — apprehensions, respecting the ope- 
ration of a southern climate on himself and family — and 
a more careful consideration of the state and prospects 
of the college, the high responsibility and the arduous 
labours he must encounter, the uncertainty of lltimate 
success arising from a view of the failure of former ef- 
forts, of the insubordination of southern youth and of the 
secluded situation of the college — these things produced 



HG MEMOIRS O* 

so great a hesitation, so serious a conflict in his mind, 
that he regretted his having conditionally pledged him- 
self to the Board of Trustees. He would willingly have 
discovered some way in which he could retract, con- 
sistently, with honour and with truth. He waited with 
great anxiety for the expected reply to his proposal, and 
hoped that some sufficient room would be afforded for 
him to withdraw from his engagement. On the 17th 
day of April, the last day of the period, during which he 
considered himself committed to the Board of Trustees 
of the Georgia university, their answer reached him, ex- 
pressing unequivocally a full agreement to every sug- 
gestion he had made to them, relative to his removal. 
His suspense was now at an end. The path ofhis duty he 
considered pointed out by divine providence; and, from 
this moment, he resolved humbly and cheerfully to submit 
to what appeared to him to be the will of God, and to 
cast his care upon him. He began immediately to make 
the necessary preparations for leaving New-Jersey, that 
he might, if possible, reach the place of destination, be- 
fore the extreme heat of summer. 

AVhen the corporation of Princeton college opened 
their sessions, April 12th, 1 C 1 7, a letter from Mr. Finley 
was laid before them tendering his resignation of the of- 
fice of Trustee, which he had now filled with great re- 
spectability and usefulness for twelve years. His resig- 
nation was accepted by the Board ; and by their unani- 
mous vote, the degree of Doctor of Divinity was con- 
ferred on Mr. Finley, as an honourable expression of 
their high sense of his talents, piety and usefulness. 

On the 4th Tuesday of April following, he met for the 
last time, his brethren of the presbytery of New-Bruns- 
wick, at the stated semi-annual meeting of that body. 



DR. FINL&r . 117 

From the numerous cares and the necessary arrange* 
incuts, which called so imperiously for his presence and 
attention at home, at this moment, he was able to spare 
time sufficient oi;ly to transact the business necessary, to 
his separation from the people of his charge, and to his 
being regularly connected with that presbytery, into the 
bounds of which he contemplated removing. 

The following copy of the original document with 
which Dr. Finley was furnished by the presbytery of 
New Brunswick, will give a correct view of the order, 
in which this business was transacted. 

"At a meeting of the presbytery of New-Brunswick 
at Allentovvn, April 22d, 13IT, a minute was made of 
which the following is a true copy, viz : 

" The Rev. Dr. Finley represented to the presbytery, 
that he has been appointed president of the university of 
Georgia, and earnestly requested to accept the appoint- 
ment, and that on mature deliberation he has deemed it 
his duty to comply with the request — In consequence of 
which he desired that the pastoral relation between him 
and the congregation of Basking Ridge be dissolved, 
and that he be dismissed from this presbytery to connect 
himself with the presbytery of Hopewell. 

" The congregation of Basking Ridge present by their 
commissioner Joseph Annin, Esq. being inquired of 
whether they had any opposition, or communication to 
make on the subject of Dr. Finley's request, produced 
the following document, viz : 

" At a meeting of the congregation of Basking Ridge, 
on Monday the 21st day of April, 1*5 27, to adopt such 
measures as they might deem advisable, with respect to 
the Rev. Robert Finley's application to be discharged 
from his pastoral charge of said congregation. The 



13 8 MEMOIRS OF 

Honourable Henry Southard, was appointed Moderator, 
and William B. Gaston, Clerk. Thesubjectbeingagitated 
and discussed, it was the unanimous vote of the congre- 
gation, that they sincerely regret the application of Mr. 
Finley to be discharged from his pastoral charge of the 
congregation — but yielding to Mr. Finley's wishes, and 
under existing circumstances, and as an act of friendly 
attachment to Mr. Finley, it is the unanimous vote of 
the congregation to make no opposition to the presbyte- 
ry's discharging Mr. Finley from his pastoral charge of 
this congregation. And it is further the unanimous vote 
of the congregation, that Joseph Annin, Esq. be a com- 
missioner to convey the sense of this meeting to pres- 
bytery. (Signed) 

HENRY SOUTHARD, Moderator. 

WILLIAM B. GASTON, Clerk:' 

" On motion, resolved that the request of the Rev. Dr. 
Finley be granted, and that the pastoral relation be- 
tween him and the congregation of Basking Ridge, be 
and it hereby is dissolved, and said congregation is de- 
clared to be vacant. 

" Resolved further, that Dr. Finley be and he hereby is 
dismissed from this presbytery to join the presbytery of 
Hopewell. 
" The presbytery in thus dismissing Dr. Finley to remove 
to so great a distance, feel all that reluctance, which at- 
tachment to a beloved brother, and a sense of his long 
and important services to this part of the church of 
Christ, might be supposed to produce. Hoping and be- 
lieving, however, that he maybe still more useful in the 
honourable sphere of duty to which he is called, they 
dismiss him with many fervent prayers for his comfort 
and usefulness, and cordially and affectionately recom- 



DR. FINLEV. 119 

mend him to the presbytery of Hopewell, as a minister in 
good standxiig. 

Signed by order of the presbytery. 

ASHBEL GREEN, Moderator. 
WILLIAM C. SCHENCK, Clerk." 

Dr. Finley's last interview with the presbytery was 
tender and affecting. Parting with his beloved fellow- 
presbyters, and associates in the Lord's service, among 
whom he had for so long a period, both given and re- 
ceived, numerous and endearing evidences of respect 
and affection, produced many painful emotions. In ad- 
justing several minor concerns, relating to the business 
which chiefly occupied his mind, his sensibilities ap- 
peared to be much excited ; but it was only, by a great 
effort that he was enabled to suppress his feelings, so as 
to state briefly his circumstances, and request a dis- 
charge from his pastoral obligation, and a dismission 
from the presbytery. As a mark of peculiar respect, 
and contrary to the custom of this presbytery, a commit- 
tee was appointed to draught the form of dismission de- 
livered to Dr. Finley which is embraced in the pre- 
ceding document. 

Dr. Finley's feelings would not permit him to take 
leave of his congregation in a formal valedictory dis- 
course. Most of the sermons which he delivered, after 
the separation had been resolved on, were however pecu- 
liarly adapted to his trying circumstances and prepara- 
tory to his contemplated removal.* The weekly socie- 

* Some time before Dr. Finley received his final call from Georgia, he com- 
menced a course of lectures to his congregation, on the 1-lth chapter of the Gospel 
of St. John. When he began, he had u.< intention of continuing through that 
chapter: but, he became much interested himself with the subjects presented 



120 MEMOIRS OF 

ty, at which he attended in the academy on the Friday 
evening, immediately preceding the last Sabbath he 
^pent at Basking Ridge, exhibited a scene truly solemn 
and affecting. Of the crowded assembly present, far the 
greater part were professors of religion, many of them 
young and almost all fruits of his ministry. The subject 
of discourse Philippians, i. 27. was happily chosen — 
"Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gos- 
pel of Christ : that whether I come to see you or else be 
absent, I may hear of your affairs, that ye stand fast in 
one spirit, with one mind, striving together for the faith 
of the gospel." On this occasion he manifested his pe- 
culiarly strong and ardent attachment to this people, and 
his deep and solemn concern for their everlasting salva- 
tion. He exerted all the influence of his warm affection 
and powerful eloquence, especially, when addressing 
those whom he considered as his children in Christ, to 
inspire them with steadfastness, vigilance and zeal, in the 
Christian course. Towards the close of his sermon, in 
the midst of his strong and moving persuasives, he said, 
" If it would add to my importunity, any additional force 
and effect, I would beseech you on my bended knees to 
remember and observe my affectionate, parting coun- 
se l" — upon saying which, kneeling down he poured 
forth his soul before them for some minutes in that atti- 

in order, and Ike lectures appeared extremely interesting to the people : so that 
he continued this exercise some time, and closed his ministry at Basking Ridge 
with the 17th chapter. From the commencement of these lectures, a considera- 
ble portion of the people had an impression, that he intended to leave them, and 
that these discourses were designed to prepare their minds for that event. Dur- 
ing the last week, Dr. Finley and his family spent at Basking Ridge, one of the 
congregation requested these discourses of Mrs Finley He was much surprised 
and disappointed, on being informed that they were not written, inasmuch as he 
had entertained the expectation, that they had been prepared to be left with the 
people. 



DR. FINLRY. 1-1 

tudc exhorting and entreating them by the terrors and 
mercies of the Lord, to " let their conversation be as be- 
cometh the gospel of Christ. The people from the com- 
mencement of the exercises had appeared exceedingly 
solemn and much affected. This new, unusual* and pa- 
thetic appeal to their hearts, roused all their sensibilities 
overpowered the whole assembly, and drew tears from 
every eye. In this discourse Dr. Finley addressed the 
people on the importance of their continuing to observe 
the Friday evening society, which had been commenced 
during the first revival under his ministry among them, 
A. D. 1803. He then stated, that for fifteen years, he 
had never been absent from that society, when at home, 
but once : "and then said he, I was sick on my bed, but 
my heart Was with you." 

On the Sabbath following, he administered the sacra- 
ment of the Lord's supper, and communed with his 
Christian friends, at Basking Ridge, for the last time. 
The assembly of people that attended on this occasion, 
was unusually large and very solemn. In the morning 
Dr. Finley preached the action sermon which was the 
last discourse he ever delivered in his native state. His 

* Few instances are probably to be found in the annals of church or state, iu 
which the inoit vehement and empassioued earnestness and zeal have manifested 
themselves in this truly eloquent and irresistible manner. 

The elegant Biographer of Patrick Henry, in his interesting volume, before re- 
ferred to, page 37ti, informs the world that that great man was directed by the 
strong impulses of native feeling and passion to the same resort, in one iestance.— 

" 1 learn, that on some occasion, after the war, he appeared at the bar of the 
house of delegates, in support of a petition of the officers of the Virginia line, who 
sought to be placed on the footing cf those who had been taken on continents! es- 
tablishment ; and that, after having depicted their services and their suffering:,, 
in colours which filled every heart with sympathy and gratitude, he dropped on 
his knees at the bar of the house, and presented such an appeal as might almo- 1 
have softened rocks, and bent the knotted oak." 

16 



122 MEMOIRS OF 

sermon was appropriate* and impressive. The whole 
multitude appeared to be greatly affected by the solem- 
nities of public service : but " they sorrowed most of all 

* To exhibit somewhat more fully the frame of mind which our departed 
friend possessed, at this interesting juncture, and to furnish a specimen of the 
kind of notes he commonly used, dunug several of the last years of his ministry, 
the following analysis of this sacramental sermon, is inserted from his own hand 
writing, without alteration ; — 

1. Corinthians, x xvi. The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the com- 
munion of the blood of Christ p— the bread which we break is it not the communion 
of the body of Christ p — 

Our Lord in all his institutions consulted the edification of his disciples. In the 
institution of the supper, he instituted an ordinance, that should keep up the re- 
membrance of his love and sufferings, admit of fellowship with him, and naturally 
lead to commimion among the disciples — 

I. What communion is — 

II. What the special communion which Christians bold, with one another in 
the Lord's supper, is — 

I. What communion is. 

It is that interchange of sentiment which produces a unity of feeling, and which 
is so delightful to the heart. 

We must exchange our feelings to know each o'hers situation. 

We must fully agree in order to be unreserved and happy. This is of the na- 
ture of that communion that there is between the soul and God. 

II. What is the special communion which friends hold with one another in the 
Lord's supper. 

1 . As tbey are members of Christ— 2. As they are fellow-travellers— 3. As they 
havv future hopes. 

1 As tbf*y are members of Christ. 
They communt- 1 f the sufferings — 

ol the atonement — 

of the intercession of Christ — 

2. A* they are fellow travellers — 

About the conflicts of life, temporal and spiritual— 
About the goodness and love of God and Christ— 
About their own love and forgiveness to one another. 

3. As to their future hopes. 

That theysball be pure in thepresence of God- 
That after all their separations, they shall meet to part no more— 
We shall all meet with Christ- 
Subject neods no improvement but to pray that the spirit of true communion 
may be given to us. 



DR. FIXLEY. 123 

lor the words which he spake that they should see 
his face no more." At the close of the morning- service 
he made some observations of a valedictory nature. 
The whole address, he comprised in a very few senten- 
ces, and concluded by bidding- them a tender and affec- 
tionate " farewell." 

The church of Christ has witnessed few seasons of a 
similar kiud more interesting- and affecting, thin the 
scene exhibited during these transactions at Basking 
Ridge. Dr. Finley's union to the people of that con- 
gregation was of the most strong and endearing nature. 
Their long continued love and kindness had inspired 
him with an unusually warm attachment to them : and 
the blessings of God, so often and peculiarly, vouchsafed 
to their sacred connexion had cemented it still more 
strongly and drawn its ties still more closely together. 
This union of the pastor to his people fostered by their 
kindness and cemented by heavenly grace, could not be 
dissolved without a painful conflict in his heart. But 
under a deep and solemn persuasion that his separation 
from them was taking place at the call of God, he re- 
signed himself obediently and cheerfully to that call. 
At the same time an awful and indescribable solemnity 
was visible in his countenance and manners, on that day 
which closed his sacred ministrations at Basking Ridge. 
He seemed to be standing before the great Judge giving 
his final account, surveying the " seals of his ministry," 
the "crowns of his rejoicing." Amidst the mourning 
and weeping which abounded, he preserved in gen- 
eral a steady composure, and seemed to be occupied 
with matters which raised him above the passing scene 
and to be " sitting in heavenly places in Christ Je?u< 



124 MEMOIRS OF 

The people of that congregation, notwithstanding 
their having formally consented to the removal of their 
beloved pastor, in a full belief that it was the Lord's will, 
manifested a deep and tender concern. It was evident 
that they felt the reality and magnitude of the loss they 
were about to sustain in this transaction. They saw re- 
tiring from them a chosen friend and holy man of God, a 
highly successful and honoured ambassador of Christ. 
All beheld in him a faithful preacher of the gospel. Hun- 
dreds claimed him and hung around him as their spiritual 
father and guide. The poor and afflicted saw in him 
departing a kind sympathising friend and benefactor. 
Children and youth, in his removal, mourned the loss of 
a father. So that this congregation must be considered 
as having been furnished in this event with peculiarly 
great and ample cause for humiliation and sorrow. — 
xVnd the appearances of undissembled grief, prevailing on 
every side, corresponded with these ideas and impres- 
sions. 

On Monday following Dr. Finley's moveable proper- 
ty was disposed of at public sale. On the evening of 
the next Wednesday he arrived in New-York. A (ew 
days were spent there in making necessary arrange- 
ments, for embarkation, and in taking leave of nume- 
rous and affectionate friends. In the beginning of the 
next week he sailed for Savannah. 

The following extract from a letter, written by Dr. 
Finley to a friend, will give some general idea of whal 
he observed and experienced on his passage : — 

" As I think it probable that you have been informed 
of my arrival by some of the letters already sent from 
this place, there is no need that I should repeat any 
thing of what has been already stated of our passage. 



UK. Fl.VLEV. 125 

and the various incidents arising- out of it. One thing- 
only seems worthy of a renewed mention. Off the 
North Carolina coast we experienced a variety of 
weather, head winds, calms, and winds blowing in all 
directions, attended with awful thunder and lightning 
which lasted the whole night. Toward the evening a 
whirlwind passed near us, and a waterspout formed and 
broke about two miles or three from us. It brought to 
my recollection the complaint of the Psalmist, that 
waves and waterspouts had gone over him, and I had 
some grand and profitable meditations on the passngc, 
one happy effect of which was, that my mind being fill- 
ed with the idea of God and reconciled too, through him, 
over whom the waterspouts of wrath did really break, my 
mind was kept quite free from fear. Indeed it was a 

great source of thankfulness that except Miss R we 

were all free from any degree of powerful apprehension. 
The Lord grant it may be so when we pass the waters 
of death." 

On the 16th day of May, after being on ship-board 
almost two weeks, he arrived at Savannah with all his 
family in comfortable circumstances. After this, he had 
still to encounter a land travel of two hundred miles in 
extent, before he could reach his place of destination. 
In regard to this journey, which consumed fifteen days, 
he makes the following remarks, in a letter, from Athens, 
to a friend in New-Jersey : — 

"We were greatly fatigued with our journey from 
Savannah to this place, the carriage being much crowd- 
ed with our large family, the roads being hilly and 
rough, through a new country and dreary, as nearly all 
the improvements are made off from the road. By the 
blessing of the Lord we are all in health, though we 



12t> MEMOIRS OK 

have all been very uncomfortable, I believe, through 
the change of water and diet. The bowels and stomach 
have been greatly distressed. We are all well recover- 
ed, so that we can begin to eat bacon, the only stated 
meat of the country." 

To exhibit Dr. Finley's first impressions on his arrival 
at Athens, and to convey some general idea of the state 
in which he found the college, the village in which it is 
located, and the country in general, the following let- 
ters, addressed by him soon after he reached that place 
to friends in this state, are introduced : — 

" June 11th, 1817, at Athens, Georgia. 
" Dear Sir, 

"Though very far separated from you in person, 
yet I am often present with you in mind. Indeed there 
are with you so many comforts and conveniences more 
than can be furnished here, that it would be difficult to 
keep my mind at all from my former home, were it not 
for the necessity and duty of providing for the present, 
and endeavouring to arrange for the improvement of the 
future. It would require a good part of the remainder 
of my life, to organize and put in motion the concerns 
of the college. We have enjoyed tolerable health 
since we arrived, except a severe affection of our stom- 
ach and bowels, which complaint passes away in a few 
days. Perhaps this may be a part of the seasoning we 
are to experience here. We find all things high priced, 
owing to the severe drought which last year swept away 
every thing, as the frost did in Jersey. Europe and 
America in the same year experienced shortness of 
bread ; in America the crops failing from frost and 
drought, in Europe from the rains. Corn is one dollar 



dk. FiNLxr. L2! 

and an half: last year it was twenty-five to thirty-seven 
cents- Wheat is now one dollar, usually seventy-five 
cents. The people's great concern is to raise cotton, 
buy slaves, &c. As yet there is but little thought of 
making any improvement, the country being new, and 
what is worse, the population fleeting and constantly 
moving off to the Alabama Territory. The country 
suffers greatly for want of mechanics: for though it can- 
not be said there are no mechanics in some branches, 
yet they are such that nothing is done to the satisfaction 
of those who have seen anything better. A tanner and 
currier might make a fortune in a little time in any part 
of this country. A man who could make boots and 
shoes might choose hisownbusinessand on hisown terms. 
A carpenter and joiner, with a common blessing, might 
get rich as fast as labour could enrich any one." 

June 24th, 1817, to another friend he writes as fol- 
lows : — 

" The place in which we live is entirely healthy, but 
for a few miles round the soil is considered as rather 
thin ; though thin as it is, it produces good crops of 
corn, wheat and cotton for a few years, and would con- 
tinue to do so if the people had any idea of manuring. 
They have none, but being principally emigrants from 
Old Virginia, they wear out a piece of land and leave it. 
At present immense sums of money are made by raising 
cotton, each slave yielding about two hundred dollars, 
exclusive of support. The comforts of life are not at- 
tended to, nor any of its elegances, either in buildings 
or furniture, either in dress or table. Morals low, cor- 
rect ideas few, manners coarse, and religious knowledge 
nearly nothing. Yet some of the people seem to be 
sensible of all this, and desirous to have it all changed. 



123 MEMOIRS O* 

But irresolution arising from inexperience, and the indo- 
lence connected with slaver//, will make changes slow, un- 
less northern and eastern people come in to show an ex- 
ample and to take a lead. This part of the country suf- 
fers a very great inconvenience in having no bottom 
meadows; and the soil being sandy, does not produce 
grass. At the same time, the people are determined to 
believe that no kind of grass seed can be sown with suc- 
cess. 

" The college is at the last gasp — forgotten in the 
public mind, or thought of only to despair of it — neg- 
lected and deserted — the buildings nearly in a state of 
ruins — and the Trustees doubtful whether it can ever 
be recovered. This is a picture not over drawn. You 
can readily conceive how all this has operated on my 
mind. I thank the Lord my spirits do not sink, nor is 
my heart discouraged. Yet possessed of tranquillity and 
hope, one week at my old residence would give me 
more pleasure than all I have felt since I bade you fare- 
well at Elizabeth-Town Point. Some that I left I shall 
not see till the heavens are no more. 

" Instead of my large congregation I now preach to 
about fifty people. What a change ! Blessed be God, 
we shall be in the ' great congregation' shortly. 
" With sincere love and respect, yours, 

"ROBERT FINLEY." 

The following letter to a respectable gentleman at 
Basking Ridge, and intimate friend of Dr. Finley, pos- 
sesses considerable interest, as illustrating farther the 
early history and the prevailing habits of the country in 
which the college is situated. 



DR. FINLEY. 129 

"Alliens, July 1st, 1817. 
" Dear Sir, 

" You have probably learned from some of the let- 
ters that have been sent from this place, something of 
its appearance and condition. From them you will 
learn that we were considerably disappointed. One 
cause of this is the newness of the country. It is only 
about twenty years since it was the abode, or at least 
the haunt of Indians. It is impossible therefore that 
society should be much advanced, or any great im- 
provements made; especially as not only the first, but 
almost the only settlers are from Virginia, and do not 
bring with them the spirit of improvement, which comes 
with eastern settlers, and even with Jerseymen. Slave- 
ry chills every ardour and retards every improvement, 
and it will continue to do so, for a long time to con e. 
The college is in the lowest state that is possible ; the con- 
tempt of the enemies of literature, the scorn of its own 
particular enemies, and the pity of those who were once 
its friends. The students are twenty-eight. It is how- 
ever to be observed, that there were about forty when 
Dr. Brown, the former president, resigned his office. 
Whether it can rise for a long time, does not appear to 
me certain; that it will shortly does not appear proba- 
ble : but there is every reason to hope that it will event- 
ually. As there are funds to pay the salaries, indepen- 
dent of the numbers of the students, there is some ad- 
vantage as well as disadvantage in the number of the 
students being small at first. It affords an opportunity 
to introduce discipline with more ease, and more efti- 
ciently : it affords an opportunity for the officers to es- 
tablish themselves in the affections of the students more 
floeply, and to make the improvement of the few more 

17 



130 MEMOIRS OF 

sensible to the observer. Thus much being gained, 
every pupil will aid in giving a name and character to 
the institution. We have mentioned in former letters 
that there are but (ew presbyterians in and about this 
village, and no religious society formed of that denomi- 
nation. There are a few methodist professors and two 
preachers, in the immediate vicinity of the place. 

" As yet I know but little of the country, having been 
entirely employed in endeavouring to get fixed, and 
making myself acquainted with the state of the college. 
We have no garden, nor is there any market for vegeta- 
bles : but we have not wanted as yet in any day for a 
little of something to eat. All are kind to us, and divide 
freely. All seem now to be contented, though we have 
not yet had time to learn to be pleased. 

"I look at Mrs. snulf-box sometimes, but it is 

empty and I dare not fill it. 

" With great regard and affection, 
Yours, 

R. FINLEY." 

The following very interesting communication, is 
enriched with intelligence, cheerfulness and piety. It 
is particularly valuable on account of the views it pre- 
sents of Dr. Finley's state of mind, in his new and trying- 
condition, and in full contemplation of the great and ar- 
duous undertaking on which he was just entering. 

"Athens, (Geo.) July 16th, 1817. 
" Dear Sir, 

" Your favour came to me most acceptably, and was 
in all respects very gratifying. It was the first letter re- 
ceived from Jersey except one from . Occupied 



DR. FINLEIT. 131 

with the main subject before him, he did not give 
one item of intelligence. 

"It is a great blessing to me that in some degree I 
have endeavoured to cherish a missionary spirit, other- 
wise in the outset my situation would have been very 
undesirable. On account of health, the college was lo- 
cated quite on one side of the state, or population at 
least, where it was seldom seen, and where it cre- 
ated but little interest. Its funds, consisting of lands 
put to rent, were uncertain. The most of the lands are 
now sold, realizing an hundred thousand dollars; only 
sixty as yet in operation. My predecessor left forty 
students, of which I found twenty-seven remaining. 
The public mind was so dispirited that the trustees had 
determined to abandon the institution for a time, had 
their application to your friend been refused. After 
being unwell through the change of diet, water and cli- 
mate, for about two weeks, and experiencing conside- 
rable depression, my mind began to revive, to feel itself 
on missionary ground, to view the college as designed 
in the providence of God to meliorate the condition of 
man and direct his heart to heaven. These last views 
fixed in my mind a strong belief that I was on proper 
ground, where, if it pleased the Lord, with much wis- 
dom and self denial, with much industry and patience, 
some good, perhaps great good, may be done. 

" If my views of the men associated with me are cor- 
rect, the prospect is good from them. With regard to 
other things there is reason to hope, that so far as an im- 
pression has been made at all, it has been favourable-. 
Our nominal commencement will take place this day 
fortnight. Nominal, because owing to the resignation 



132 MEMOIRS 0* 

of Dr. Brown, there is no senior class. But we shall 
keep up appearances. 

" A few weeks vacation will, I trust, afford me an op- 
portunity of seeing a little of this new country. No re 
ligious exercises have been p rformed on the Sabbath 
day by the students. Next Sabbath for the first there 
will be a recitation on the Bible, I hope. The students 
appear willing I am told ; though some say they do not 
believe the Bible, some that they never read a chapter, 
&c. In the village too about a dozen have expressed 
a willingness to be formed into a class for the same pur- 
pose. When the vacation commences, I shall endeav- 
our to commence with the village youth. We have no 
church formed here, but expect, or rather hope to have 
one soon. We have no congregations worth a name : 
yet there are various places in growing country towns, 
where young enterprising clergymen might, by teach- 
ing, support themselves, and at the same time raise up 
respectable congregations in a few years. 

" Brother — let us endeavour to be meek. Let us 
'hunger and thirst after righteousness.' My heart em- 
braces, while my pen salutes you and yours. The love 
of my heart to the Presbytery. Shall I ever see them 
more ? 

"Yours, 

"ROBERT FINLEY. 

« P. S. — With men of reflection the colonizing scheme 
is as popular here, as with you in Jersey. Go on and 
prosper. Be firm and resolute. Life is short. All 
flesh is to come a little lower in worldly matters, to rise 
a little higher in the service of God and man. I have 
got my personal abasement. Lord grant I may not de- 
serve more." 



DR. FINLEY. l&J 

Dr. Finley found himself now in a situation which to 
him was new and untried injtself, very critical and high- 
ly responsible. He had relinquished a station which 
presented a pleasing sphere of comfort and emolument 
of honour and usefulness He was now entering upon i, 
great experiment, ihc result of which was covered with 
uncertainty. He was surrounded with a cloud of wit- 
nesses. In the north and in the south, many eyes were 
turned towards him, with high expectation and great so- 
licitude. The duties incumbent upon him, and the inter- 
ests committed to his management, were vastly exten- 
sive and important. One step of rashness or of folly 
might blast the whole enterprise. He awakens from 
partial repose, and summons to action all his powers. 
His first object is to understand the condition of the col- 
lege, the charge of which he has accepted. 

To illustrate the circumstances of this university, as 
they existed, at the time of Dr. Finley 's undertaking its 
superintendence, and to develop correctly the difficul- 
ties he had to encounter, it will be necessary to give a 
concise history of the institution, from its first establish- 
ment to that period. 

The citizens of Georgia, impressed with a sense of the 
importance of providing within their own state, the 
means of sound and useful education, turned their atten- 
tion very early to this interesting object. In the year 
1784, the legislature of Georgia, with a highly commen- 
dable discretion and liberality appropriated forty thou- 
sand acres of land situated on the northwestern limits of 
that state, for the purpose of endowing and establishing 
a university. In the succeeding year, they granted a 
charter to the institution, and appointed a Board of 
Trustees to superintend the college affairs, giving them 



1&4 MEMOIRS OF 

n$ authority to sell the lands entrusted to their care, but 
clothing them with discretionary power to use and dis- 
pose of then), in any other manner, for the best interests 
of'tlie infant seminar}". The donation to the university 
n r as situated in the heart of a very extensive tract of un- 
appropriated slate lands, on its northwestern frontier, 
the settling of which wa« long prevented by the con- 
stant dread of savage incursions, to which it was fre- 
quently and sometimes fatally, subject. When the fear 
of Indian barbarity began to subside, the population of 
the state to diffuse itself over this unoccupied region, 
and emigrants and speculators to visit it from motives of 
speculation and emolument — the public lands, a full and 
permanent title to which could be obtained at once, 
presented a more interesting and inviting object, to their 
enterprise and avarice, than the college property, sub- 
ject to such conditions as had been prescribed by the 
trustees of the college, to suit the necessities and pro- 
mote the interests of the institution. Consequently very 
little of the college demesne, appeared likely to be ta- 
ken on tenancy, and the endowment remained long un- 
productive and useless. The institution receiving no 
other active donation, and the corporation relying on 
the lands as their only resource, fifteen years elapsed 
before any effort could be prudently made to realize 
the designs and benefits of the charter. 

The friends of literature and of public improvement 
in general, perceiving the population of the state to be 
rapidly increasing, and feeling deeply concerned for 
the literary honour of Georgia, began to manifest great 
anxiety to see the affairs of the university placed in a 
more promising and successful train. Accordingly, in 
the year 1800, before a sufficient fund had accumulated 



DR. FINLET< 135 

from the rents of the college property, in conformity 
with the public impulse, the trustees resolved to com- 
mence erecting the necessary college buildings. Their 
pecuniary resources being very inadequate, and the im- 
patience and importunity of public sentiment seem- 
ing to prohibit farther delay, to meet the exigence ol 
the case, and as their only alternative, they applied to 
the legislature of the state for authority to sell five thou- 
sand acres of the original appropriation, and to use the 
proceeds in erecting the contemplated edifice. In ad- 
dition to these five thousand acres now cut off' from the 
endowment of the college, the institution sustained the 
loss of ten thousand acres more, of its most valuable 
lands. The one half was lost in a controversy with in- 
dividuals, and the other part fell into the state of South 
Carolina, upon the adjustment of a territorial dispute. 
By these misfortunes which were unavoidable, and, to 
appearance irreparable, the resources of the institution 
were much impaired ; and in the building operations 
was unavoidably incurred, a burdensome debt, which 
for seventeen years painfully embarrassed all the pro- 
ceedings of the board of trustees. The exhausted state 
of the college funds forced the board afterwards into a 
system of economy and restriction in expenditure, which 
prohibited their employing a competent number of col- 
lege officers, prevented the purchase of a library and 
philosophical apparatus, and very lamentably depressed 
the reputation and general aspect of the institution. 

In these disadvantageous and discouraging circum- 
stances, did Dr. Finley find the seminary over which 
he had been selected to preside — its resources impover- 
ished — its credit prostrated — its friends disheartened — 
its principal officers retired from the scene of action — 



130 



MEMOIRS OF 



the number of students greatly diminished— the enemies 
of the institution encouraged and exulting — the vital 
power of its government paralyzed — its edifices in a state 
of decay and approaching ruin. He was himself far 
from possessing the strength of constitution and anima- 
tion of spirit, which had imparted life and power to his 
former movements. — The care and fatigue of his voy- 
age and journey had also produced a considerable im- 
pression. The country itself did not present to him an 
interesting and pleasing aspect. The place of his fu- 
ture abode did not afford a prospect of so much conve- 
nience and comfort to himself and his family, as he had 
been accustomed to enjoy and induced to anticipate. 

When we consider all these circumstances in connex- 
ion, it will not appear surprising, that his spirits should 
have suffered a temporary depression. Indeed, had he 
not possessed a mind of extraordinary firmness and reso- 
lution he must have sunk under the weight of the accu- 
mulated obstacles, and discouragements that presented 
themselves on every side. 

Low, however, and reduced, as the funds of the in- 
stitution were conceived to be, at first view, Dr. Finley 
found in the progress of his inquiries, that their nominal 
wa6 far beyond their real value. In the year 1815, the 
legislature of the state of Georgia authorised a sale of 
the unimproved lands of the university, and directed 
the proceeds to be vested in bank stock. To facilitate 
the accomplishment of this measure, and to put it into the 
power of the trustees, to make a more advantageous dis- 
posal of the college lands, by giving the purchasers a 
reasonable credit, the state very liberally advanced a 
sum sufficient to enable the college to purchase a thou- 
sand shares in a bank, expected to go into operation 



DR. FINLEY. 137 

soon, agreeing to depend upon the proceeds of land 
sales for a reimbursement. This arrangement which 
manifested liberality and public spirit in the legislature, 
and which promises a very Mattering issue, afforded a 
benefit, principally remote, and not immediate in its in- 
fluence. The bank in which the funds were vested, did 
not commence business until the summer of 1816, and 
then its operations were founded upon only seventeen 
per centum of its original capital, and, at the expiration 
of a year, it had demanded but little more than half that 
sum. The consequence was, that the university instead 
of deriving an immediate and extensive advantage from 
the change produced in the state of its finances, received 
on account of its stock, and from all its other resources, 
a sum merely sufficient for current expenses. When 
therefore, Dr. Finley arrived at Athens in May, 1817, 
he found upon a thorough investigation of the affairs of 
the institution, that its funds were good only in prospect, 
— that although the great cause of the disease was re- 
moved, the debility remained. 

Difficulties and discouragements, too great to be en- 
countered by men of ordinary minds, tended only to 
touch the springs of his intellectual frame and to bring- 
all his extraordinary powers into vigorous exertion. 
The truth of this observation was strikingly exemplified 
in the case before us. Individuals of respectable tal- 
ents, attainments and zeal, had yielded to the opposing 
obstructions. But Dr. Finley found in the circumstan- 
ces of the university, a suitable field for the exercise of 
all his abilities and virtues, — his enterprise, his firmness, 
his indefatigable industry and perseverance, and his 
pre-eminent prudence and address. His character alto- 
gether was such, as to make him peculiarly adequate to 

18 



138 MEMOIRS OF 

the task, of recovering the institution from embarrass- 
ment and dishonour, and of raising it to prosperity and 
usefulness. 

Deeply impressed with a sense of the necessity of ob- 
taining the decided and zealous co-operation of the 
Board of Trustees, he at first employed all his influence 
with them, and endeavoured to inspire them with a live- 
ly interest in the state of the college, and concern for 
the success of the contemplated operations. With his 
characteristic candour and earnestness he stated to the 
Trustees, his opinion, that to raise the university to cred- 
it and usefulness, great alterations and improvements 
must be made immediately, through their instrumentality 
— that a philosophical apparatus and a respectable libra- 
ry must be procured — that the institution must be sup- 
plied with decent and comfortable buildings for ac- 
commodating the college officers and students — in or- 
der to this, that some new edifices would be required, 
and considerable repairs necessary to those already 
erected — that the officers of the institution should be re- 
called immediately to their posts — and that the whole 
establishment should be brought with all practicable 
speed, to exhibit such an appearance of order and taste, 
dignity and comfort, as other literary institutions pre- 
sented to view, and as would command respect, and op- 
erate as motives and inducements, with the intelligent, 
wealthy and honourable inhabitants of the southern 
states, to place their sons there for the purpose of prose- 
cuting and completing their education. He declared to 
them, his full persuasion, that the character of the col- 
lege was to be redeemed, not so much, by a change of 
officers, as by a change of measures— that his counsels 
and efforts would avail but little without their cordial 
concurrence and zealous assistanee. 



DR. FINLEY. 1UH 

In this interesting and important crisis, ardent and im- 
patient, to facilitate and expedite their progress, by 
gaining- some signal advantage in the out-set, he propos- 
ed and urged to the Board their appealing directly to 
the legislature of the state, in a respectful and importu- 
nate supplication for relief and aid, relying on the rea- 
sonableness of their claim, the usefulness of their object, 
and the former munificence of that enlightened and lib- 
eral body. But this measure appeared to be opposed 
by so many difficulties and discouragements, that on ma- 
ture deliberation, it was unanimously agreed not to at- 
tempt its execution. 

The anxious and determined mind of Dr. Finley, then 
suggested, as a last resort, the plan of casting themselves 
directly upon the bounty of a generous and charitable 
public, with a view to obtain the necessary supplies. In 
this measure, he was cordially reciprocated by the 
Board of Trustees, who promptly approved and adopted 
the proposed system. The necessary arrangements 
were made immediately and agents were appointed, to 
carry this plan into effect. But Dr. Finley, unbounded 
in his solicitude for the success of this measure, and un- 
willing to commit the execution of it to any other per- 
son, voluntarily offered his own services in the delicate 
and ungracious business of courting public bounty. Be- 
sides his earnest desire for the success of this measure, 
other important considerations induced him to engage 
in so unpleasant and laborious a service. By the char- 
ter of the college it was made the privilege, and duty 
of the president of the university annually, to visit and 
inspect the public schools and academies in the state of 
Georgia, with a view to their general amelioration and 
success in the system of instruction and discipline pursu- 



140 MEMOIRS OF 

ed. As soon as this provision in the charter* came to 
his knowledge, he expressed himself in terms warmly 
approving of it, resolved to embrace the first opportuni- 
ty that presented itself, to enter upon this important du- 
ty of his office. Dr. Finley was also very desirous of 
becoming acquainted by personal observation, with the 
state of Georgia, not only in relation to the face of the 
country and its general improvements, but in regard to 
the character, condition and genius of the people — all 
with a view to enable him better to understand the dis- 
positions and habits of the youth, and more successfully 
to superintend their education. From this tour, he an- 
ticipated much profit and pleasure in relation to all these 
objects ; but his principal desire was to obtain pecunia- 
ry contributions for the aid of the university. The pe- 
riod allotted, for the performance of this soliciting ser- 
vice, was that of the approaching vacation in the col- 
lege. 

The time that elapsed before the close of the session, 
Dr. Finley spent in diligent attendance upon the va- 
rious duties of his new and important station. His at- 
tention was occupied principally with the daily instruc- 
tion of the students, and with endeavours to give form 
and success to the internal regulations and movements 
of the college. He embraced the earliest opportunity 
to introduce into college the study of the Bible on the 
Lord's day. This he considered an important and in- 
dispensable object of attention in schools and seminaries 
of learning, through all the successive stages of improve- 
ment. 

While diligently occupied with the duties of his office, 
fee was also anxiouly engaged in devising measures for 

* See note M.~~at the close of the volume. 



Dtt. FIN LET. 141 

the general improvement and success of the college. 
The preaching of the gospel, he had determined m 
to relinquish while life lasted. The character and the 
duties of a pastor were endeared to his heart by a thou- 
sand tender and sacred ties, which he could never dis- 
solve nor forget. While therefore supremely devoted 
to his professional duties, as president, he made it an im- 
portant object to be useful at the same time, as far as 
possible, as a minister of the gospel. With this view he 
made use of the leisure time he enjoyed, to organize a 
regular presbyterian congregation in the village of 
Athens, and to preach in the surrounding country wher- 
ever opportunities offered. It was a part of his plan, to 
institute a class among the young people in the village, 
for studying the Bible, as soon as his circumstances 
would enable him to accomplish it. During the month 
of June and early in July, he met several times with the 
Trustees of the college, and by his prudent, dignified 
and pleasing deportment, he acquired in a very high de- 
gree the respect and confidence of that honourable 
Board. His impressive discourses delivered from time 
to time in the village, before the citizens and students, 
had a very happy effect, and inspired universal venera- 
tion. Indeed "every thing seemed to bid fair for his 
being in the hand of Providence a rich blessing to the 
state of Georgia." 

The commencement in the college, which, according 
to a standing rule, took place on the last Wednesday of 
July, 1817, was an interesting season. The following 
account of this transaction, communicated by the Rev. 
Dr. John Brown, former president of the college, is 
both appropriate and pleasing: — 



142 MEMOIRS OF 

"The commencements in this institution are held 
on the last Wednesday of July. On the preceding 
day a commencement sermon is delivered by the presi- 
dent. Dr. Finley most happily availed himself of this 
occasion to state to a very numerous and respectable 
audience, the intimate connexion between the growth 
of true science and the success of Christianity. His 
text was, Matt. xxiv. 27 — ' For as the lightning cometh 
out of the East and shineth even unto the West, so shall 
the coming of the Son of Man be.' This might be con- 
sidered as the Doctor's inaugural discourse. He shew- 
ed in several respects, how the past and present progress 
of Christian knowledge and Christian morals, was beau- 
tifully exemplified in the progress of that rapid and lu- 
minous element, the lightning. The subject was hap- 
pily chosen, the discourse well prepared, and delivered 
with great energy. To you, sir, who were so well ac- 
quainted with the powers of his mind and his irresistible 
manner, I need say nothing respecting the effect. I 
need not tell you that every eye was riveted on the 
speaker — every heart impressed. 

" The business of the commencement day, he con- 
ducted with great dignity and with the most perfect 
ease to himself. Nothing like embarrassment or per- 
turbation of mind appeared on any occasion. His hap- 
py art of making the situation of his pupils easy and 
pleasant, was also manifestly exhibited. Great God ! 
how deep and how mysterious are thy ways! How 
strange to us, that a life so useful should not have been 
spared ! When he fell, what an assemblage of qualifi- 
cations for filling the presidential chair with credit to 
himself and advantage to the state, fell with him !" 



DR. FIVLE1. 143 

The season of commencement having been agreeably 
d through, the business determined on for the en- 
suing vacation took possession of Dr. Finley's mind, 
and nothing could attract his attention from it. "In 
augenda, festinat et obruitur, re." On the subject of 
this tour Dr. Brown writes in the following judicious 
and interesting manner : — 

"Had Dr. Finley been more indulgent to himself and 
less ardent in his wishes for the prosperity of the institu- 
tion, he would have spent the six weeks vacation which 
ensued after the commencement, in the enjoyment of 
ease with his family and little circle of friends in Athens 
and its vicinity. But his solicitude that the Trustees 
might be able to meet engagements which he expected 
would be made by the gentleman who had gone on for 
the purchase of books, induced him to volunteer in the 
business of soliciting benefactions. \\ r ith this object in 
view, he visited the counties of Jackson, Oglethorpe, 
Wilks, Hancock, Green and Morgan. Some of his 
friends attempted to apprise him of the danger of leaving 
so healthy a spot as Athens, and undertaking fatigue and 
exposure during the sickly season, and indeed while a 
bilious epidemic was considerably prevalent in some of 
the lower counties ; but his mind could not be diverted 
from its favourite object. On this tour he was very 
successful in acquiring benefactions to the funds of the 
university, but imbibed the seeds of a disease that cut 
short his useful labours, and bereaved the institution of 
so valuable an acquisition, in the very dawn of its pros- 
perity. He had been abuut two months in college, and 
in about two months more he slept in the arms of his 
Redeemer," 



144 MEMOIRS OF 

One paragraph in a communication from my honour- 
able correspondent, Col. Clayton, before referred to, so 
fully confirms the above representation of his excellent 
friend, and so happily describes the outlines and inci- 
dents of this eventful tour, that I shall present it in his 
own words. 

"Although the necessary arrangements were made 
and the agents appointed to give efficiency to this 
scheme, yet such was the eager solicitude of Dr. Fin- 
ley, at every delay which interposed itself between his 
plans and his hopes, that he descended from the dignified 
station of his office, to volunteer his services in the un- 
gracious task of courting public gratuity, and subjecting 
himself to all the incidents of chagrin, that are known 
usually to accompany that delicate engagement. Ac- 
cordingly he commenced his tour the latter part of Ju- 
ly, which is the beginning of the sickly season in that 
state, and although in the short compass which he made, 
he had the satisfaction to have his most sanguine expect- 
ations realized, as to the generous spirit of the people 
of Georgia and their attachment to their university, and 
that his own views of their benevolence were not un- 
founded ; yet the knowledge of these valuable facts was 
obtained by a sacrifice far above their value : for in this 
tour the fatal sickness was contracted, that bereaved so- 
ciety of one of its brightest ornaments." 

While performing this journey, a variety of objects, 
all connected with the great end contemplated, occupi- 
ed Dr. Finley's attention. He did not here, even in 
the midst of secular concerns, for a moment forget his 
character as an ambassador of the Prince of peace. On 
this point the following observations of Col. Clayton. 
will be found appropriate and satisfactory : — 



DR. FINLEY. 145 

" lie returned home on the 8th of September, after an 
absence of six weeks from his family, in which time he 
had been arduously and unceasingly engaged in solicit- 
ing private contributions in furtherance of his design, 
and, that his useful labours might not be confined to 
one object, he availed himself of every opportunity of 
shedding abroad the light of those divine truths of which 
he had been so long a faithful depository, and from 
whom it had so often emanated with such divine effect. 
In this short period, by day and by night, in a season 
peculiarly unfriendly to mental exertion, he preached 
sixteen sermons. His constant bodily employment, un- 
der almost a vertical sun, exposed to heat and wet, his 
mind seriously and anxiously engaged, with a constitu- 
tion and habits unaccustomed to the climate, joined to 
an unusual prevalence of disease, to have escaped indis- 
position would indeed have been miraculous. When 
therefore he reached home, he felt the usual symptoms 
of an attack, but flattering himself that the languor of 
his feelings had been produced by excessive fatigue, he 
unfortunately relied too much upon a state of rest for 
relief, and omitted such precautionary applications as 
might have averted the impending blow." 

At this period the Presbytery of Hopewell which em- 
braces this district of the church, held its sessions at a 
village considerably distant from Athens. Dr. Finley's 
extreme anxiety to enjoy an interview, form an ac- 
quaintance, and establish a regular connexion with that 
ecclesiastical body, induced him to set out to attend its 
meeting on the fourth day after his arrival at home from 
the former tour. In relation to this subject, Dr. Brown 
writes in the following manner: — 

19 



146 MKMOIR8 OF 

"It was on the close of this tour that he met with 
his brethren in the ministry, the members of the Pres- 
bytery of Hopewell, in sessions at Madison, in Morgan 
county. He became a member of that reverend body 
on the 5th day of September. 1 e was received with 
great cordiality by his clerical friends, and they would 
have been very happy in administering to his comfort 
and support in his important office as president of the 
university. Few of his friends have more sensibly felt, or 
more sincerely lamented his early removal, than the 
members of the Presbytery of Hopewell. It is the usu- 
al practice with this presbytery to have preaching on 
every day during their sessions, and to close with the 
administration of the holy sacramental supper, on the 
Sabbath day. A great number of people attended this 
meeting. It was a very solemn occasion, and Dr. Fin- 
ley appeared to enjoy it exceedingly. He preached sev- 
eral times during the meeting, and attempted to preach 
on the Sabbath morning, but was not able to do it. In 
the evening he was better, and after night preached a 
very solemn and interesting discourse, from these words 
of our Saviour, It is finished. On Monday evening he 
got home to his family in Athens: complained of ex- 
treme languor and lowness of spirits: on Wednesday he 
attended the funeral of a person in whom he felt consid- 
erable interest, and a very deep expression was obser- 
ved in his countenance while a neighbouring clergyman 
was making some appropriate observations at the 
grave." 

Col. Clayton most justly observes that " Dr. Finley, 
too anxious to fill up the measure of his usefulness, 
would not suffer the only remedy he had chosen to mit- 
igate the force of his symptoms, to have its full effect :" 



DK. KIXF.EY. 14? 

for before repose has had an opportunity to produce the 
desired relief from lassitude of body and depression of 
mind, he engages in some new service, he exposes him- 
self to some new hardship. In conformity with which, 
Dr. Brown, after describing his indisposition while at- 
tending the Presbytery, and his exhausted condition af- 
ter his return home, proceeds to say : 

" On Friday, though still unwell, he set out to attend 
a sacramental meeting at the distance of about twenty 
miles. This meeting had been deferred for some time 
with the expectation of enjoying the company and as- 
sistance of Dr. Finley. Here again his exertions were 
beyond his strength, i On Saturday he preached a most 
excellent sermon from Hcb. xii. 22, 23, 244-' But ye are 
come unto Mount Sion, and unto the city of the living 
God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable 
company of angels ; to the general assembly and church 
of the first-born which are written in heaven, and to 
God the judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made 
perfect, and to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, 
and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better 
things than that of Abel.' I know not whether to call 
this his own funeral sermon. The view which he took 
of the light in which the gospel represents the things of 
the eternal world, and the familiar acquaintance which 
he appeared to have with them, seemed scarcely con- 
sistent with a longer continuance in this. He saw with 
solemn delight in the countenances of his hearers the 
effect which preaching produced, and was encouraged 
to attempt it again on the Sabbath : but although the in- 
troductory exercises were performed by another, he 
was scarcely able to go through with a short discourse, 
until he had to retire for rest. On Monday he came 



148 MEMOIRS OF 

home. On Tuesday he lingered about the house, and 
on Wednesday he was taken clown on the bed from which 
he never arose. I was abroad during his illness, and 
returned just in time to attend one of the most solemn 
funerals I ever witnessed." 

The circumstances of Dr. Finley's sickness and death 
so far communicated to the writer, will be presented to 
the reader, principally in the same words in which they 
were received. The peculiar character of his disease 
which partook of bilious and typhus symptoms rendered 
conversation extremely difficult and painful to him. In 
the commencement of his sickness he considered his re- 
covery doubtful. Soon after he was taken, a friend was 
called upon to assist Dr. Finley in settling his affairs, 
and in making a disposition, by will, of the property 
which he had acquired by his great industry and econo- 
my. As is usual on such occasions, his friend asked him 
if any particular direction should be given respecting 
the manner of his burial. With a smile on his counte- 
nance, his hand on his breast, and his eyes turned to- 
wards heaven — " Oh no" — he replied, " I care not how 
they put me away; I know I shall get up safe." 

At the close of a day, early in his sickness, he observ- 
ed to a friend, that "notwithstanding it had beenapain- 
ful day, it had been to him a very interesting one, as his 
views of the plan of salvation had been soul-refreshing; 
there was nothing of ecstacy in them, but solid peace 
and comfort." At another time he observed to a friend 
who inquired respecting his state, "that he had spent a 
delightful day : his views of the plan of salvation were 
so clear, that if it were not for his wife and family, he 
had no desire to get well." 



DR. FINLBY. 149 

A communication received during Dr. Finlcy's ill- 
ness, from the Secretary of the Colonization Society es- 
tablished at Washington, giving information of its 
brightening pi icl -, greatly refreshed his languid spir- 
it, and forced from him expressions and manifestations 
of peculiar satisfaction. It is much to be regretted that 
Dr. Finley's observations in this trying hour, on the 
subject of colonizing- the people of colour, which, next 
to the plan of salvation for sinners, had occupied his 
mind for years, more than any other subject, could not 
be distinctly heard and recollected. 

Col. Clayton, who attended the Doctor's dying bed, 
writes in the following interesting manner : — 

" In all his conversations during his illness, he never 
lost an opportunity to impress upon his friends and fam- 
ily some sacred truth, and would often make his illness 
contribute to that holy purpose. " Oh ! my friend," he 
would say, " all flesh is grass;" and then, with a calm- 
ness and tranquillity known only to the bosom of the 
truly pious, would he enforce the necessity of an ever 
present recollection of that solemn fact. The last Sab- 
bath before his death, as if unwilling to leave the world 
without making a last effort to lead a valued friend into 
the paths of peace, and at the same time to give the most 
convincing proof of his own resignation, he earnestly 
requested that friend to read to his congregation the af- 
fecting sermon of Doctor Blair, on the subject of death, 
from this text — ' Yea, though I walk through the valley 
of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for thou art 
with me : thy rod and thy stafT they comfort me.' " 

Another correspondent writes in the following words : 

"On the tenth day, his disorder took a favourable 

turn, and we all thought him convalescent. After this, 



J5U MEMOIRS OF 

I believe, he never realized his danger, until the day 
previous to his decease. Indeed a general infatuation 
prevailed with respect to his death, we felt his life so 
important to the cause of religion, literature and his 
family — but He who raises up the means, knows the 
proper time to lay aside. A lethargy from which it 
was not possible to rouse him for more than a few min- 
utes at a time, made it impossible for him to communi- 
cate his views and feelings to his friends or family. A 
few hours before his death, beginning to realize his end 
to be approaching, I inquired of him if his mind was 
comfortable, and if his views were clear. He answered 
with much sweetness and composure, 'that it was as 
much so as his extreme sickness and faintness would ad- 
mit.' We awakened him several times through the 
night. A few words only he was able to say, before he 
Avould fall asleep. About one o'clock I went to him 
and inquired how he felt. He said he was much revi- 
ved, and perhaps might yet be able to recover ; ex- 
pressed a desire, if it was the Lord's will, that he might 
yet live for the sake of his wife and dear children. This 
was but the last effort of expiring nature. In an hour 
after he awoke, almost suffocated — called for air — 
said he was going. His lips moved for some few se- 
conds, as we supposed in prayer. He then sunk into a 
state of total insensibility, in which he lay nearly two 
hours, and then with a gentle sigh breathed out his soul 
into the bosom of his Saviour. The last hour of his life 
was most interesting indeed. The joy of his soul illu- 
mined his countenance, and rendered it the most inter- 
esting object I had ever beheld. The very place ap- 
peared to be san'.-tified by the presence of the Saviour 
^nd the spirits of the dear departed saints who had been 



UK. FINL£r. 10 { 

given to him as seals of Lis ministry, appeared to be 
waiting to be the crowns of his rejoicing." 

The reflections of a correspondent may here with 
propriety be introduced : — 

" What consolation have not the friends of Br. Finley 
experienced from his passage through this trying test! 
With what firmness did he sustain his sickness! How 
sensible of his end, and how resigned to the stroke ! So 
comfortable, as he expressed himself, were his views of 
a future state, that, save the ties of his family, he had not 
a wish to remain connected with the cares of life." 

Dr. Finley once very piously and solemnly observed 
in conversation with a pious friend, that "it sometimes 
pleased God to enter into a very sore dealing with fami- 
lies and even with those of his own people."* The dis- 
pensation of G< d in his providence towards the author 
of that observation and his family, in the event we are 
here contemplating, furnishes an additional and mourn- 
ful illustration of the truth and importance of that re- 
mark. 

The removal of Dr. Finley to Georgia and his sudden 
death present an instance of darkness and mystery, in 
the government of God, awful and impenetrable to the 
view of mortals. When we consider the importance and 
usefulness of the station he occupied at Basking Ridge — 
the numerous, enterprising and beneficent plans, in 
which he was engaged — the multiplied difficulties which 
were encountered in his translation to the south — the 

* This conversation toot place at the house of Col John Neilson, New Bruns- 
wick, several )e :rs ago, and was intended for the comfort of that excellent man 
and his amiable and pious consort, who were then in deep affliction and mourn- 
ing for the sudden death of a beloved son, at Batavia in the East Indies; infer- 
ination of which event had rec«ntlv been received. 



152 MEMOIRS OF 

many peculiar and prominent qualifications Dr. Finley 
possessed for the office to which he was called — the fa- 
vourable impression and the successful beginning, he 
had made in his new sphere of duty — the pressing de- 
mands of the interests of science and religion, in Geor- 
gia, for the services of such a man — the pleasing pros- 
pect of eventual success that presented itself — when we 
consider these things and take into view, the size and 
circumstances of his family, the number and tender age 
of his children, our emotions can find utterance most 
suitably in the humble and adoring language of the Apos- 
tle, Romans ii. 33 — " O, the depth of the riches both of 
the wisdom and knowledge of God ! — how unsearchable 
are his judgments and his ways past finding out! For 
who hath known the mind of the Lord ? or who hath 
been his counsellor I — Of him and through him and to 
him, are all things : to whom be glory forever, Amen." 
The public mind in Georgia was deeply impressed,* 
and agitated by the information of Dr. Finley's death. 

* In illustration of this fact, the following extract is introduced from a letter 
written by ttie Rev Mr. Shepard, 'missionary in Georgia, to the Editor of the 
Boston Recorder,— published in the " Religious Remembrancer" Philadelphia, 
November'/!), 1817. 

" Washington, (Geo ) October 14, 1817. 

" About two weeks after, we were again clothed in sackcloth at the melancholy 
tidings of the death of Dr Finley, President of the University of fieorL'ia. No 
death was ever more deeply felt, or more generally lamented, in this region, 
than this. To this state the loss spems irreparable The success which attend- 
ed the fewmonthsof his presidency, gave us the most animating hope that Provi- 
dence had designed him as an instrument for advancing the literary and religious 
state of Georgia. His plans of operation were laid with much skill and executed 
with a zeal highly becoming a man in so important a station it was in n tour 
through the lower counties, for the purpose of soliciting donations, to procure a 
library for the college, that he took the seeds of ihe disease which terminated 
his valuable life A da k cloud noi r bangs over the aiTiir? of the seminary : but 
vre know it will soon be succeeded by a clearer sky. We know that Fie whose ' king- 



MR. FINLKY. 153 

Expressions of disappointment and grief, at this event, 
fell from every mouth. The painful impulse was expe- 
rienced fromAthensto New-York, but it was most poign- 
antly felt in his native state. 

Dr. Finley's death was announced to the public in 
Georgia, in the following handsome and honourable 
obituary notice. 

" Died on Friday Morning, the 3d inst. the Rev. Rob- 
ert Finley, D. D. President of the University of Geor- 
gia, after a painful illness of eighteen days. His sick- 
ness which was of the most violent bilious character, he 
unfortunately contracted, during a tour through several 
of the lower counties, on professional business, in Au- 
gust ; he returned home with the fatal indisposition 
which has imposed so distressing a wound upon all the 
relations of society. 

"Whether we consider the death of this truly pious 
man, in a private or public view, the causes of regret 
multiply upon us, with such successive and increasing- 
rigour as to overwhelm the mind with the most bitter 
feelings of anguish. He has left an amiable wife and 

dom ruleth over all,' will perfect his own work, in his own time and in his own 
manner. 

" The rising state ofliterature in this country, no doubt will induce the Board 
to renew their exertions for the prosperity of their rising seminary, in selectii>« 
.mother man without delay, to Gil the important station now left vacant." 

In a fiiendly letter received from the south, bearing date April 2d, 1818, I 
find the following passage, which will probably gratify curiosity and impart pleas- 
ure to readers concerned for the welfare of this bereaved institution, viz : — 

"The Trustees of Franklin Collpgebave lately given a call to (he Rev. Mr. 
Eeman, a native of Vermont, who has been some yearsa resident of Georgia, aod 
has had a large and very respectable school establishment at Mount Zion. .Mr 
Bemau is said to possess great energy, fine talents, and handsome address, 
to warm piety. The public are much pleased with the appointment, i 
hoped and expected he will accept it." 

20 



154 MEMOIRS O* 

nine children to mourn his afflictive loss. This family 
have recently been brought from the bosom of their 
friends and reiations, and by the melancholy dissolution 
of its head, are now cast upon a land of strangers. Con- 
nected with the fortunes of the lamented deceased, they 
have forsaken some of the dearest ties, which can arise 
from a love of country, the early scenes of nativity, or 
the liveliest sympathies of feeling. United with him, 
■whose whole energy of soul, was bent to the accomplish- 
ment of an all-important service to this state, they, by 
the separation occasioned by this awful dispensation, 
are now left friendless and unprotected upon the grati- 
tude of that state. 

" In the institution, which he had so lately been called 
to preside over, he commenced the duties of his office, 
with such a prompt and ardent zeal, so unwearied in his 
exertions and so constant in his devoted care of all its 
concerns, as afforded the most certain promise of suc- 
cess and the no less gratifying assurance, that under his 
administration it was about to raise its languishing head. 
To the deep regret of this country, he has left the insti- 
tution once more to the dubious issue of wayward con- 
tingencies. 
/ " Jn contemplating the private course of Dr. Finley, the 
mind has a field to rest upon, lovely in prospect, unbro- 
ken in surface, and endless in variety. ,' If the most fer- 
vent and durable piety, can give dignity and respect 
to character ; if equanimity of temper, steady firmness of 
principle, and the most unbending rectitude of conduct, 
can secure to pure and worthy motives, their merited es- 
teem : — if the most inflexible benevolence of heart, con- 
stantly directed to the advancement of charitable insti- 
tutions, the relief of misfortune, the diffusion of happi- 



DR. FINLEV. 155 

ncs?, and the increase of pious contentment, has not lost 
its influence upon human actions, the life and death oi 
this good man must offer an example full of peace and 
consolation to his family, comfort and resignation to his 
friends, and the most lasting usefulness to society. 

" The church has sustained a loss of one of its firmest 
pillars : in all the pursuits of his life, those ceased to be 
objects of interest, when they ceased to subserve the 
pu poses of religion. To a mind warmed and animated 
by those hopes, which devotion contemplates shall sur- 
vive the stroke of death, he joined the soundest dictates 
of sober reflection, the cool and unshaken possession of 
judgment and the open and reconciling stamp of sinceri- 
ty. From the pulpit he was accustomed to utter, gra- 
ced with the beauty and armed with the energy of the 
most impressive eloo^ence, those eternal truth?, which 
while they stand on " the Rock of ages," were winged 
with irresistible effect, when delivered with his masterly 
and affecting management, and never failed to dignify 
the heart, elevate the affections, and heighten those 
dread expectations which rest in such mysterious won 7 
der beyond the limits of time." 

To exhibit the sentiments that prevailed in Georgia on 
this occasion, the following document, with which the 
writer has been obligingly furnished, is presented to the 
public. 

" Milledgeviile, Senate Chamber, November ^2, 1817. 

"On motion of Mr. Elliot — Resolved unanimously, by 
the Senatus Aeademicus,* that the lamented death of the 

* The body distinguished by this name, is composed of a highly respectable 
committee, appointed annually, by the legislature of Georgia, for the purpose of 
exercising a general superintendence over all the literary institutions in that 
state. 



Ij6' MEMOIRS O* 

late President Finley, having deprived Franklin College 
of an useful and highly important officer, the community 
of a conspicuous member, and his afflicted family of its 
only guide and support — The Senatus Academicus en- 
tertains a just sense of the exalted worth of the deceased, 
and most unfeignedly mingle their regrets with those of 
the bereaved family for their common loss. And as a 
testimony of respect for the memory of Doctor Finley, 
they do strongly recommend to the Board of Trustees 
to continue the salary of that officer to the end of the 
quarter in which he died, and to offer to his family the 
use of the President's house and its appendages until the 
same shall be required for the accommodation of his 
successor 

" And it is further unanimously resolved, that the eld- 
est son of the late Dr. Finley be educated, at Franklin 
College, free of any expense, so far as relates to any 
charges for tuition and that a copy of these resolutions 
be handed by the Secretary to Mrs. Finley." 

The following extract from the minutes of the Board 
of Trustees in Franklin college will be read with pleas- 
ure. 

"Athens, Franklin College, December 12, 181 7. 

" On motion of Mr. Clayton — Resolved unanimously, 
by the Board of Trustees that they feel with full force, 
the testimony of respect offered by the Senatus Academi- 
cus, to the memory of the late president of the universi- 
ty, and do most cheerfully acquiesce in the measures re- 
commended by that body, as demonstrative of their 
veneration for the lamented deceased and their regard 
for his respectable family : And in addition to those 
measures, this Board further unanimously resolved, that 



dk. pinm:t. 



15T 



the education in manner recommended to be bestowed 
on the eldest son of the Rev. Dr. Finley be extended to 
all his sons, and that the sum of two hundred dollars be 
appropriated for the purpose of erecting over his grave 
a suitable tomb-stone, commemorative of his wor f h and 
services ; and that the Secretary of the Board hand a 
copy of this resolution to Mrs. Finley. 

"Resolved, that the prudential committee be author- 
ized to sell, in such manner as they may think proper, 
any lots in the town of Athens, already laid off, or which 
may be laid off hereafter, in pursuance of a former res- 
olution of this Board, passed the 31 st of July last, first re- 
serving to Mrs. Finley, widow of the late Rev. Dr. 
Finley, any two lots which she may choose out of said 
range, one being a front, and the other a back lot ; and 
that the President pro tempore be authorized to make 
her a title to the same. 

" True extract from the minutes. 

" JOHN HODGE, Secretary." 

The following letter exhibits the subject of these me- 
moirs in a very interesting point of view. No charac- 
ter could be more properly applied to him than that 
which he here sustains — the prompt and affectionate 
comforter of the afflicted. As this judicious, pious and 
tender communication appears likely to be highly grat- 
ifying and extensively useful, it is inserted with great, 
pleasure, and with many thanks to the excellent lady 
who first experienced its consoling power, and now, 
through this channel, bestows it on the public for their 
instruction and comfort in sorrow : — 



158 MEMOIRS O* 

"Basking Ridge, April 14, 1815. 
" Madam, 

"Mrs. V D spent a few minutes with us 

yesterday, alter our worship on the day of national 
thanksgiving, and gave us the afflicting information of 
the numerous and heavy trials with which it has pleased 
the Lord to try you. Your afflictions yet continue, and 
you perhaps begin to think they will never terminate. 
The ways of God are full of wonder, and he often makes 
the cloud his chariot, and the thick cloud his pavilion. 
His providence, which for a season appeared clear and 
bright, is at other times surrounded with an impenetra- 
ble gloom. But let us not despair. He remains the 
same, a God of sovereign mercy, and we through the 
cloud may believe his grace, secure of his compassion. 
God is love, nor can he cease to be so. Your afflictions 
appear to me to be more than commonly great, but yet 
not so great as the Almighty hand, which is able to sus- 
tain you. One dear babe is withdrawn from your bo- 
som, and has taken off a little portion of your heart. 
But it is well with the child.* Dedicated to the Lord, 



* To illustrate the views of Dr. Finley in regard to the very interesting sub- 
ject here involved,— to exhibit the basis on which he founds the sentiment here 
advanced it is well with the child— and to place this precious article of Christian 
faith in a light at once cleai and consoling to the afflicted, the following extract 
from his sermon on the benefits of baptism, &c. is introduced :— See 2d general 
head of discourse— 1th particular, page '.:0th of this sermon 

"The last blessing now to be mentioned, connected with baptism, is, that it 
conveys the promises of God. 'whose are the promises.' Among these stand 
most conspicuous the promises: that those who, being baptised, die in infancy, 
should be saved : and that the possession of the seal should impart to the possessor 
the power of conveying both the seal nnd its benefits to the rising generation. 
Cod commanded the seal of his promise to be put on the bodies of infant children, 
and at the earliest possible period : saying, ' 1 will be a God o 'hy seed.' To 
convey and secure this promise to Abraham, God ordered the seal of his cove- 



DK. FINLXY. 16b 

presented to him, a living sacrifice, faith may follow 
it to heaven, and contemplate it among the happy spir- 
its. She will not come to you, and why should you 
wish her back to this place of sorrow and sighing and 
pain ? The Lord has need of her in another state, and 
if the Lord requires who would refuse ? I have often 
thought that the counsels of God may require something 
of the same variety, which we observe in this state, for 
our after condition : and that therefore it is requisite 
that some babes, some tender and some full grown 
youth, some in the vigour of life and some white with 
age, should enter into heaven. 

" Your other dear child will, I trust, be spared to you, 
to be a comfort to you while you have need of earthly 

nant to be put upon the bodies of the infant seed of the father of the faithful. 
' He gave Abraham the covenant of circumc-sion, and so Abraham begat Isaac 
and circumcised him on the eighth day.' Acts vii. 3. What are we to suppose is 
nieau by the promise, ' I will be a God to thy seed.' Are we to think that it 
meant nothing more, than that in general, God would take care of Abraham's 
children, as he had already watched over and blessed him? Or are we to be- 
lieve that this promise was of tuch a nature that it conveyed some valuable bless- 
ing to every individual who became a subject of it ! It appears to be the fair con- 
struction, that wiien God promised, saying, I will be a God to thy seed, he did 
engage himself to every individual who should receive the seal of the promise. 
And is there anyway in which he caD manifest himself to be the God of those, who 
by the counsels of his inGuite wisdom, are allotted to die in infancy, but by taking 
them to himself in glory p To take them from their cradle to his heavenly life, 
is all that lie cau do for them, as their God. I mean not hereto decide unfavoura- 
bly on the case of those who die in infancy without being bapthed. But I <'o 
mean to exalt the grace of God, and the efficacy of his sealed promise : And that 
this is the meaning, at least in part, of the promise, ' I will be a God to thy =eed,' 
is much conliimed by the consideration, that as God suffered the seed of man to 
perish, by his despising the threatening of God, so he bath, in restoring the ruins 
of that fall, secured the salvation of the dying infant, by connecting it with the 
promise made to the parent " These are the little babes, says Dr Watts, who 
just enter into the world to die out of it, and who are saved from everlasting 
death, merely by the spreading veil of lh" covenant of gr-icr, drn-xn over them bv 
<he hand of a parent's faith." 



160 MEMOIRS OF 

comforts: or, should her sickness also be unto death, 
consider, that the Lord knoweth the best time, and she 
will be taken from the evil to come, and that you shall 
soon go unto her. Simeon is not and Joseph is not : all 
these things are against me, said the aged patriarch. But 
it was not so. It appeared only for evil, but the Lord 
meant it only for good, and so it appeared plainly at the 
last. Perhaps the sorest of all your afflictions is the ab- 
sence of your husband* in his feeble and declining 
state of health. Great indeed must be the grief which 
a heart of sensibility would feel in a situation like to 
yours. Your awakened imagination represents to you 
his situation in all its aggravations. But perhaps he 
has strength and consolation given to him, which make 
these light afflictions, which are for a moment, aid him 
in realizing the exceeding weight of glory, which is also 
eternal, and is wrought out for the saints by the distresses 
of this life. Perhaps while the outward man decays, 
the inner man is renewed day by day. In a land of 
strangers, he enjoys the presence of his Father and his 
Elder Brother. A wanderer, he is making the greater 
and more speedy preparation to enter the city which God 
prepares for his saints. And should he, without ever 
reaching you, breathe out his spirit into the hands of 
Christ, his mortal part will be deposited in the grave se- 
lected for him by his heavenly Father. What place of 
ending his labours could be so desirable! But what if ex- 
cess of grief and the power of disease, should remove the 
parents and the little babes ! Is it any thing else, but the 
removal of the whole family, to the house not mede 
with hands, eternal in the heavens, whose builder and 

* Then on a journey to Georgia for the benefit of his health. 



BR. K1NLEV. 1G1 

maker is God ? Whatever may be the allotment of the 
Lord, all things will terminate in the glory of God, ?au\ 
your own best good. When a Christian onee complain- 
ed to his fellow, of the numerous sorrows of which he 
was partaker, he was answered, 'Nevermind it, dear 
brother, you shall be the happier for it to all eternity/ 
The consolations of the Lord are not few, nor is his ear 
heavy, nor is his arm shortened. He is witness to your 
distress, who told his disciples, they should have tribu- 
lation in this world, but exhorted them to be of good 
cheer, for that he had overcome the world. He will 
either support and comfort you, or, coming forth from 
the place where he dwells, in the boundless ocean 
of his infinite love, he wiil take you up to himself My 

dear friend Mrs. V D , desired me to write this 

letter, which 1 close with a sincere prayer that it may 
administer a little comfort. 

" In the common Saviour, 
" Yours, 

« ROBERT FINLEY." 

Additional letters, received from a gentleman of distin- 
guished respectability, with whom Dr. Finley kept 
up a very free and friendly correspondence for many 
years. 

"Basking Ridge, June 12, 1810. 
" Dear Sir, 

" I have copied over the letter which you was 
pleased to return to me, that I would make some small 
alterations in it to fit it for the magazine. I found con- 
siderable difficulty in making the thing as perfect as it 
is. The subject matter was gone from me, and I found 
in the copy put into my hands many words, and thesr 

21 



l&'l MEMOIRS OF 

all leading ones, left out. I felt rather reluctant to do 
any thing with it. But how could I resist the wish of 
a man who has done me many kindnesses, and of a lady 
whom I much esteem in the Lord? I do not know 
that it will be of sufficient value for the magazine, but 
I will submit it to your pleasure. Sometimes the exer- 
cises of dying men, when represented in a lively man- 
ner, produce a deep effect on others. There is some- 
thing very striking to us in the feelings of persons who 
are in the very situation in which ?vc must be by and by. 
I wn.s informed two weeks ago of a worldly, fashionable, 
sensible lady of ray acquaintance, who spent two days 
and nights to observe the emotions of a pious, godly 
neighbour. I know nothing of the effect produced. 
But the man went full of triumph. On a very great 
change taking place in him, he asked his friends if it was 
death. They answered that he was dying. Upon this 
he said, " Glory be to the Lord, the hour of deliverance 
is come." 

" A letter attends this for Mrs. M and Mrs. 

L . I meant to write to the latter on the subject 

of female societies for prayer. 
"Yours, 

" ROBERT FINLEY." 

'"Basking Ridge, July 20, 1 810. 
" Dear Sir, 

"I received your favours of June 28 and July 10, 
the day before yesterday, by one and the same mail. I 
know not by what means the one of June has been de- 
layed. It bears the post mark, Newark, July 12th. 
Having received your answer, I shall consider master 
B as one of my supplies next fall, and shall expect 



DR. FINLEY. 16li 

him to quarter with A , who is in good health, and 

doing as usual. 

" As you have made no mention in either of your let- 
ters of receiving 'the old letter new vamped,' or my 

letter to Mrs. M , I have been apprehensive those 

letters may have miscarried. Both I and Mrs. Finley 

are grieved to hear of Mrs. M 's want of health, but 

hope our compassionate Lord and almighty Physician, 
will soon heal her. It gives us pleasure that she is 
' slowly recovering.' When her frame, strengthened by 
the everlasting arm, shall have shaken off disease, she 
will soon be perfectly recovered. What a thick veil a 
little disease draws over the scenery of this world ! 
Blessed be the Lord, there is a land, the inhabitant where- 
of doth never say I am sick. There may our weary souls 
refresh themselves in the bosom of our Creator. The 
diseases of my soul are my worst diseases, especially 
spiritual sloth, arising from the want of that faith which 
is ' the substance of things hoped for.' This is much 
increased by the spiritual death in which a large 
part of my people are sunk. Yet I know of a small 
number who are considerably alarmed at their situation. 
But they are not taking by violence the kingdom of hea- 
ven. They are not striving and pressing into it. Their 
convictions remain, but they are ready to die. O, that 
the Lord would be pleased to strengthen them. When 
I urge them in personal address, they weep and trem- 
ble ; when I visit them again, I find them nearly as be- 
fore. I suspect they very much resemble the state of 
our friend Mr. . He is not easy ; but his impres- 
sions do not urge him on. He waits for the moving of 
the waters ; but does not consider that the angel of the 
covenant has moved them once for all, and that they are 



164 MEMOIRS OF 

always healing. He sees that something is wrong, but 
does not feel that all is lost. He thinks that religion 
may be necessary, but he means to have it by and by, 
and not now. If he had as much of the grace of God as 
his heart could contain, he might be an excellent man 
indeed. If I find an opening and any liberty, I shall 
probably write him on this subject. Perhaps the best 
way is to make an opening, and trust to the Lord for 
liberty. Be pleased, sir, to accept my thanks for your 
kindness relative to the money transaction, and believe 
me to be, with very great regard, 
" Yours, 

"ROBERT FINLEY. 
" N. B. — I found one of my people, the other day, 
emancipated from the terrors of hell and slavery of Sa- 
tan, and rejoicing with most exceeding joy." 

" Basking Ridge, August 9, 1811. 
" Dear Sir, 

" I think our common friend, Mr. W , informed 

me by letter, that you, or some friend of yours, wished 
to have the filling of the first vacancy that might occur 
in the school. I now foresee that in the beginning of 
November there will be a place for four, three being 
about to go to colleges. And three fine scholars and 
orderly young men they are. You will be pleased to sig- 
nify, at your leisure, what may be your wishes on this 

subject. Last spring, a Mr. V , an officer, I think, 

in one of the banks, spoke to me on the subject of a son 

of his. Mr. W stated to me that he was a man of 

excellent and pious character. I believe I signified to 
him that be should have early notice of any vacancy 
that might happen, that if his son was not placed accord- 



Dh. FINLEY. 113J 

ing to his wish, he might have an opportunity to 
send him to our academy. Since I saw you last, 
I have been very busy, as indeed 1 generally am. I 
have been catechising the youth and children of my 
congregation, and having found a small number who 
appeared to be seriously exercised with the great truths 
of religion, I have been visiting a good deal. I per- 
ceive something more than ordinary, on divers of my 
people's hearts. Here and there a vicro; drop fallen 
down. But alas, the fierce sun of temptation threatens 
to dry up all again, like as the few scattering drops from 
a cloud are dried up by the scorching sun. There is an 
operation on their hearts, but it does not appear as yet 
that soul travail which usually precedes the new birth. 
I have endeavoured to fan the flame ; but my own heart, 
like theirs, is only half awake and half alive. Yet I 
trust that God will give me some few at this time, who 
shall reign with Him forever. I met one old man the 
other day, who I do think is made alive to God by the 
Spirit of Jesus Christ ; and one woman in the caves of 
the rocks, who begins to see men as trees walking. Pray 
for us, dear sir, that the gospel may be glorified among 
us. The day before yesterday, I went in company 
with another clergyman to a neighbouring church, 
where there is something of a special display of the 
mercy of God. It was in a distant corner among the 
hills, nine or ten miles from my residence. I think it 
was a solemn season to most, and a precious season to 
many. The house not being capable of containing the 
great multitude of rich and poor, but especially the last, 
we seated ourselves on seats on the house green, under 
some aged willows and locusts. There were full five 
hundred persons, who behaved as discreetly as ever you 



1U6 JVIMMOIRS OF 

saw the same number do in a country church, for a lit- 
tle more than three hours, while the worship lasted. One 
lady said, who had never seen an assembly for worship 
out of doors, when she drew near and saw such a scene, 
that it appeared at first a fairy seene. But when she got 
near enough to hear the minister, the scene appeared to 
be laid in the first heavens. So you perceive that it has 
wrought on some imaginations. May the Lord send his 
Spirit to all hearts. The leaven of God continues to 
work, and the mass must be leavened. Amen. Have 
you come into your new church yet ? I hope to have 
my little babe baptized next Monday. By the grace of 

God we are all well. A and master B remain 

as before, good boys and good scholars. Mrs Finley 

sends her Christian love to Mrs. M and family, not 

forgetting your daughter, Mrs. I unite with 

her, and to you, sir, I tender the assurance of my great 
respect. Yours, 

"ROBERT FINLEY." 

"Basking Ridge, December 19, 1814. 
" Dear Friend, 

" For some considerable time back I have felt a 
desire that the agreeable correspondence we formerly car- 
ried on, should be renewed and especially since 1 was 
informed that you had experienced some adverse dis- 
pensations of Providence. The disappointments of sev- 
eral of my best and dearest friends, occasioned to me a 
great many reflections on the vanity and uncertainty of 
all worldly views and calculations ; and the little that I 
had fondly called my own appeared ready to take wings 
and fly away. Indeed I have not been able to escape 
entirely the devastation of this day of disaster and of 



DR. FINLEV. II • 

judgment; but have suffered a considerable diminution 
of Chat moderate abundance which some time ago I en- 
joyed. However I desire to be submissive and to see 
the hand of the Lord in all that concerns me. Your 
case and situation have been often present with me, and 
I have longed to know what door would be opened for 
you. In some former states of society and of commerce, 
it would have been but the misfortune of a day, and to 
morrow would have seen you rising into business and 
ailiuonee. But this I know ; The Lord knoweth how 
to deliver the righteous out of trouble, and he can open 
a thousand channels when he will, to pour down com- 
forts upon his people. May I not hope that already 
something is presented to your view suited to your con- 
venience and wishes. It is a day of sad rebuke ; and 
judgment begins at the house of God, But though it 
begins at them, and they appear for a moment to be the 
mark for the arrows of the Almighty ; yet it shall pass 
away from them ; and when he has afflicted them a little 
he will give them deliverance and put a song of deliv- 
erance into their mouths. How far the Lord means to 
proceed in his present course I do not know, nor can 
any one form any conception ; but from the dark clouds 
which hang over us, it would seem that the fury of the 
storm is not passed away. There is yet no reformation 
of heart and life ; no amendment of our ways, no return- 
ing unto the Lord. Alas, in my own charge the most 
sad declension of the life of God is experienced. Whore 
have fled all those pleasing expectations on which our 
hearts rested with so much delight ? Were they only 
the pleasing reveries of a gilded imagination? No! 
they were the smiles of our gracious Father previous to 
the day of chastisement which was to come upon all the 



168 MEMOIRS OF 

earth. We through the cloud believe his grace, secure 
of his compassion still. Though the clouds should re- 
turn after the rain, 3-et at last the storm will disperse, 
and the sunshine of the divine favour will rest upon his 
people, and on the world. Are we not however to look 
for some heavier judgments on our land ! It appears to 
me we are to experience more : but his people who 
have felt the first of the affliction shall be delivered and 
set free at the last. Oh ! could 1 feel a spirit of prayer ; 
could I see the hearts of God's people mourning and 
contrite ; it would refresh me and make me believe the 
vengeance was going by. But as blindness happened 
in part to Israel, so blindness has not only come upon 
the nation, but even on the people of the Lord, so that 
as yet we see but imperfectly the dealings of the Lord. 
Party, passion, strife, infatuate us, and prepare us for far- 
ther judgments — But why should we spend all our time 
in mourning and complaints ? Hath the Lord forgotten 
to be gracious 1 Hath he in anger shut up his tender 
mercies ? Will he be favourable no more ? Zion saith 
indeed, * The Lord hath forsaken me and my Lord 
hath forgotten me.' But it is not so. Zion spoke the 
language of a weak disconsolate woman. She spoke 
too the language of her fainting sons. But the walls of 
Zion are ever before the Lord ; and on the palms of his 
hands, are graven all the names of her sons — In a [ew 
minutes I expect to set out to visit a few sick, and to 
preach to a disciple hindered from the sanctuary by 
long disease. The subject 1. Corinthians iii. 22. 2'3. 
For all thing are yours, whether life or death, &c. May 
the Lord increase my faith and yours in these words. 
They suit every case and answer every purpose. For 
some months Mrs. Fin lev has desired to visit New-York. 



DR. FINLEV. 169 

and among- her friends, to see Mrs. M . She is yet 

hindered by many cares, but hopes to come after a little. 
The academy is sufficiently supplied. Let the bush 
(hat burned and was not consumed be in your remem- 
brance. And may the Lord who appeared in the bush 
bless you. This is the sincere prayer of, 

" Dear Sir, your sincere and affectionate friend, 
« ROBERT FINLEY." 

Dr. Finley had no ambition to excel as a fine writer, 
or to acquire fame as an author. His great excellence 
consisted in prudent and useful action. The sermons 
which he published and which are his only publications, 
were modestly and reluctantly yielded through the im- 
portunity of friends, rather than ostentatiously offered 
by himself to the world. 

The first, of his sermons bestowed upon the public, 
•was a funeral discourse, "on the victory of Christ over 
death," delivered at the interment of the Rev. William 
Boyd, in the congregation of Lamington on the 17th 
day of May, 1807, from the following words: — 1. Co- 
rinthians xv. 54. " So when this corruptible shall have 
put on incorruption and this mortal shall have put on 
immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying 
that is written, death is swallowed up in victory." 

Notwithstanding the evidences of haste in preparation, 
which it exhibits, this is an edifying and solemn dis- 
course on a most interesting subject. The concluding 
paragraph presents a striking summary of Mr. Boyd's 
numerous and prominent excellencies of character — 
and also a just specimen of Dr. Finley's tasti in compo- 
sition at this early period : — 



1T0 MEMOIRS OF 

" Affection and esteem induce me to speak a little of 
the character of this man of God. In doing this 1 shall 
less comply with what is customary on such occasions, 
than do that which is pleasant to myself. His Creator 
endowed him with an intellect, strong and vigorous — 
with a mind clear and distinguishing. This, combined 
with a retentive memory and much early reading, had 
furnished him as a fit companion for the man, the gentle- 
man and the scholar. He had wit without severity, 
sprightliness without levity, and knowledge without 
ostentation. Equally ready for easy conversation or 
profound investigation, no man ever found himself un- 
easy in his society. Never in his usual intercourse, ei- 
ther inviting or avoiding contested subjects — feM r men 
could boast that they had foiled him in solid argument. 
The great use which he made of his retentive memory 
was to lay up the rich treasures of Sacred Scriptures. 
Of these he had gathered perhaps as large a store, as 
any of his time. And the happy use which he made of 
his discerning mind was, to be sound in the faith. The 
doctrines of the reformation were his great delight. 
They were the theme of his discourse, the objects of 
his faith and the comfort of his soul. He preached them 
while he lived : he rejoiced in them in his dying hours. 
He was far less concerned to find out new things, than 
to make a wise improvement of truths already known. 
He walked in much humility and was a lively example 
of the meekness and gentleness of Christ. I came not 
here, however, so much to praise my friend, as to bury 
him ; not so much to bring his virtues to the light, as to 
assist in committing his body to the tomb. His burial, 
without pomp, is splendid, all good men attending him. 
His name is venerable without the praises of funeral ad 



DR. FINLEV. 171 

dress, all good men lamenting his departure. But I 
cease to speak more of him. His praise hath long since 
been in all the Churches, and his name is now embalm- 
ed in every Christian heart."* 

[See this discourse printed in New-Brunswick by " A. 
Blauvelt— 1307."] 

Soon after this, Dr. Finley was induced to present to 
the public his very respectable " Sermon on the Bap- 
tism of John, shewing it to be a peculiar dispensation 
and no example for Christians" — from the following- 
text — Acts xix. — 5 — " When they heard this they were 
baptised in the name of the Lord Jesus." 

The subject of baptism in general, and, especially, 
the question respecting the proper mode and subjects of 
it, was at this period much agitated and discussed, in 
the pulpit and in the private circle. Dr. Finley's ser- 
mon was considered very seasonable and very useful. 
Its general object, which is faithfully and successfully 
pursued, is indicated in the title above inserted. The 
discourse displays clearness of discrimination, strength 
of argumentation, considerable critical skill and literary 
research. As it was expected to be considered in some 
measure controversial, in its nature, it was written with 
much more care and accuracy than the former discourse. 
This sermon raised Dr. Finley's reputation, as a man of 
sound intellect and promising usefulness. [See this dis- 
course — printed by " Shepard Kollock — Elizabeth- 
Town— 1807."] 

This sermon was followed, in the next year, by Dr. 
Finley's distinguished and popular, "Discourse on the 

* For a moreextpn«ivf view of this excellent man of God, see note N, 



172 MEMOIRS OF 

nature and design, the benefits and proper subjects of 
baptism, from Acts ii. 39. " For the promise is unto 
you and to your children and to all that are afar off, 
even as many as the Lord our God shall call." 

This sermon in itself, possesses great originality and 
merit; and it was published under circumstances calcu- 
lated to give it an increased estimation with the public : 
— in connexion with Dr. Smith's truly finished and elo- 
quent sermon on the same general subject and with the 
full approbation of that eminent author. They were 
both published by " B. B. Hopkins & Co." of Philadel- 
phia, Dr. Smith, in his preface, refers to Dr. Finley's 
sermon in the following words — " I can with pleasure 
refer to a discourse of the Rev. Robert Finley on the 
same subject, for a more ample elucidation of several 
points, from the ^analogy which subsists between the 
Mosaic and the Christian dispensations." 

This sermon of Dr. Finley is extremely valuable and 
interesting, and ought to be possessed and studied by eve- 
ry parent. The matter comprised under its second head, 
is principally new, and calculated strikingly to repre- 
sent the importance of this evangelic ordinance. 

These discourses together, probably present as able 
and interesting a view of the subjects treated and senti- 
ments maintained in them, as can be found within the 
same limits, in our language. 

In connexion with the preceding subject, to show Dr. 
Finley's views of the important practical question, so 
much discussed recently in the Presbyterian Church, 
relating to the exercise of ecclesiastical discipline over 
baptised persons, the following extract, from the session 



LK. FINLEY. 1 715 

.. < ords oi the congregation of Basking Ridge, is intro- 
duced : — 

" D comber 31, 1307. — The session entered into a free 
conversation on the question — arc all baptised persons 
proper subjects of the discipline of the church, and if so, 
how lar will it be proper, at this time to attempt the dis- 
ciplining of baptised persons, who are not members in 
full communion ? — It was agreed unanimously, that bap- 
tised persons, from their relation to the church, not on- 
ly may, but ought to experience the care and attention 
of the church — Whereupon : 

1. Resolved, that the session of this church will in fu- 
ture extend their care to all persons, who by baptism are 
subjected, to its government. 

2. Resolved, that a register be kept, of all families 
belonging to this congregation, for the inspection of the 
session at their meetings. 

3. That there be four regular meetings of the session, 
in each year, for the purpose signified in the first resolu- 
tion, on the following days — 

4. Resolved, that the discipline to be administered to 
those not in full communion, shall never extend to call- 
ing them before the session, but only to counsel and ad- 
monition, and finally to a formal notice, that a continu- 
ance in sin will expose them, to be recorded as exclu- 
ded from the privileges of the church, which might be- 
long to them." 

Mr. Finlcy was requested to explain and enforce this 
subject, in his public discourses, at a proper time. 

Two additional sermons, which w r cre published in the 
" New-Jersey Preacher," in July, 1813, complete the 
list of Ur. Finley's publications — The one from Mat- 
thew v. 14. entitled " The disciples of Christ the light of 



174 MEMOIRS OF 

the world :" — the other from Philippians iii. 9. — « The 
benefits resulting from being found in Christ." 

In these discourses, Dr. Finley appears to have aimed, 
principally, to be useful. They are such as his talents 
and piety would naturally and easily produce, and they 
are such as the editors of the New-Jersey Preacher so- 
licited from him— -full of evangelic truth and vital god- 
liness. Their st3 r le is more graceful and agreeable than 
that of his former productions. 

Dr. Finley manifested great indifference with regard 
to the dress of his ideas. In this respect, he resembled 
many of the learned and excellent Scottish preachers 
and philosophers to whom he bore so near an alliance. 
His Creator had not endowed him richly with those deli- 
cate sensibilities and nice perceptions of taste, necessary 
to eminence in elegant composition: and he voluntari- 
ly permitted his capacity for this kind of excellence, to 
remain in a great degree, uncultivated. His grammat- 
ical and rhetorical improvements were ample. But 
while he successfully communicated his knowledge to 
others, he seemed, from choice, to make no effort to em- 
ploy it to his own advantage in writing. Perspicuity, 
strength, and effect, were the great things at which he 
aimed. Ornament he did not employ. A correct skill 
for the graceful collocation of words in a sentence and 
harmonious sounding of periods, he did not possess. 
His style sometimes exhibits a want of ease and smooth- 
ness, in arrangement and expression. " But there is in 
his negligence a rude inartificial majesty."* And the 
good sense, the uniform simplicity, the unaffected ear- 
nestness, and the excellent spirit, which characterize his 

:: Rnmbler. 



BR. FIN'LEY. 



175 



discourses, render them highly respectable and agreea- 
ble. Had he written more, he would have written bet- 
ter. Our great regret is, that we possess so few of these 
pious and precious productions of his uncommonly 
strong, elevated and sanctified mind. 

In presenting a summary view of this eminent man of 
God, we are called to contemplate an unusually pleas- 
ing combination and variety of peculiar excellencies. 

Dr. Finley's person exceeded the ordinary size of 
men : he was about six feet in stature ; erect and well 
proportioned; wide across the shoulders and deep 
through the breast ; grave and contemplative in appear- 
ance ; deliberate and dignified in his movements. The 
lineaments of his face were peculiar, and the expression 
of his countenance was striking. His hair, naturally 
black, was considerably whitened by the lapse of years 
and the toils of life. His forehead was unusually capa- 
cious and commanding. His eyes were blue, marked 
with a mixture of mildness and severity. His cheek 
bones were high and prominent. His nose, above 
the common size, was on the Roman model. His 
whole mien exhibited traces of Scotch extraction. Com- 
pliance and decision, gentleness and asperity, the win- 
ning softness of conciliation and affection, and the un- 
courtly sternness of a strong, original, self-possessed 
mind, seemed to mingle their traits, and to give variety, 
interest and energy, to the expression of his face. 

The outlines of his character corresponded with his 
personal appearance. The features of his mind, origi- 
nal and peculiar, were conformed to no living model. 
Firmness and independence, in him, constituted signal 
and distinguishing traits. In conversation and acquaint- 
ance, he was open and candid, yet considerate and cau- 
tious: he was dignified without ostentation; authorita- 



17G MEMOIRS OF 

tive and determined, without arrogance or disdain : in 
opinion, he was steadfast and faithful to himself, but not 
intolerant to others: he was reluctant to admit an unfa- 
vourable impression respecting any person, and slow to 
manifest it, even to an enemy : he was plain and easy in 
manners ; sufficiently attentive to person, dress and 
equipage, to be respectable, but decidedly opposed to 
show and splendour, to all compliances with useless 
forms and frivolous fashions. In receiving and enter- 
taining a friend, he exhibited a singularly agreeable 
mixture of carelessness and simplicity, with cordiality 
and satisfaction. 

The utmost frankness and sincerity ran through all 
his actions. Mean compliances, little artifices, cunning 
subterfuges, he utterly abhorred. In the latter years of 
his life, especially, a high degree of Christian gentleness 
and meekness, was remarked in his deportment. It was 
indeed eminently true of Dr. Finle)^ that whatever was 
originally unhappy or wrong, in his temper or deport- 
ment, he controlled, corrected and changed, while, at 
the same time, the high gifts of God, and the natu- 
ral excellencies of his character, from good sense, from 
principle and from grace, he perseveringly and success- 
fully cultivated and employed, until he was called to 
the general assembly of the spirits of just men made 
perfect. 

As a pastor, Dr. Finley has rarely been excelled. 
His preaching, like himself, was not resembled to any 
known standard. He was often heard to say, that in 
early life, he was much attracted and^nfiuenced by the 
powerful eloquence and profound discussions of the 
Rev. Br. Samuel S. Smith, from whom, in part, he re- 
ceived his theological instructions. For thdX great man* 






DR. FINLEY. 1 (" i" 

he entertained, all his days, a very high esteem and ven- 
eration. But his genius was so peculiar and unaccom- 
modating, and the native impulses of his mind towards 
something original and unusual, in thought, expression 
and action, so strong, that he could not bring himself to 
attempt imitation, or conformity to any proposed exam- 
ple. Therefore, casting himself upon the resources of 
his own mind, yielding to its strong, original impulses, 
and to the directing and governing influence of lively 
religious feeling, he pursued a new track, and formed a 
character, sui generis, which was generally admired. 

In public prayer, Dr. Finley's manner was slow, but 
earnest; simple, but solemn. He was remarkable for 
making frequent and long pauses, e c, ^ccially in the be 
ginning of this service. The thoughts and views which 
presented themselves, appeared so deeply to occupy and 
engross his mind, that he could scarcely proceed from 
sentence to sentence. His prayers were sensible, pious 
and devout. He was mighty in the scriptures, and 
hence his devotional performances were enriched with 
a great variety of appropriate scripture language. In 
consequence of his great zeal and devotedness, in this 
part of the service of the house of God, it was some- 
times carried to an unusual length, but never so far as 
to become tedious and uninteresting. 

Lecturing on portions of the scriptures, was with him 
a favourite mode of instruction, from the pulpit. And, 
in pursuing this plan, he manifested superior skill and 
judgment, in selecting, illustrating and applying the 
most important and useful matter which the passages 
suggested. A series of lectures, which he delivered to 
his congregation at Basking Ridge, on the epistle to the 
Romans, has been represented, by persons highly com- 

23 



1T8 MEMOIRS OF 

petent to judge, and who had the happiness to hear 
them, as displaying in a very high degree, masculine 
vigour of understanding, fervent zeal, and eminent prac- 
tical piety. 

Dr. Finley was one of the most highly approved and 
useful preachers of his day. In his theological tenets, 
he was purely and rigidly orthodox. Divinity, in its 
various branches and departments, had been the subject 
of his laborious, constant and delightful study. The 
word of God, was indeed habitually the man of his coun- 
sel, the subject of his meditation, and the rejoicing of 
his heart. His experimental acquaintance with the ope- 
rations of God's II )f// Spirit, and with the exercises of 
the soul under divine influence, was deep and thorough. 
His sermons exhibited a copiousness of valuable matter, 
judicious arrangement, clearness of illustration, strong 
reasoning, animating, practical piety, and irresistible 
power. The sentiments with which he was regarded, 
as a preacher of the gospel, consisted more of that high 
esteem, strong approbation, and pious satisfaction, which 
sound sense, warm piety, and great exertions in a Chris- 
tian minister produce, than of that light admiration and 
applause, excited by fine talents, finished sentences, 
brilliance of fancy, and cultivated gracefulness. He 
captivated the heart more than the imagination, and se- 
cured the approbation of the former more than the ad- 
miration of the latter. 

If we were to analyze his intellectual powers, and 
his qualifications for eminence as a public, speaker, and 
judge of them by the principles of taste and the rules of 
eloquence, as separa?ed from the object to which they 
were devoted, from the service in which they were em- 
ployed, and from the effect they always produced, we 



DR. FINLEY. 17$ 

should not pronounce them of the highest order. His 
voice was loud and commanding, rather than sweet 
and melodious — his elocution was strong and significant, 
rather than easy and graceful — his gestures bore an ap- 
pearance of stiffness and negligence — he did not ordi- 
narily employ unusual excellence of speech, or the enti- 
cing words of man's wisdom. Notwithstanding, he pos- 
sessed and manifested a peculiar power and capacity to 
engage and impress the hearer's mind. This we are as- 
sured was the fact, in the metropolis of the nation. We 
are furnished with ample evidence, that this was the 
case, among the wealthy and cultivated citizens of Geor- 
gia. In the populous cities of New-York and Philadel- 
phia, (ew preachers commanded more large and solemn 
assemblies. And, through his own state, in town and 
country, he was heard with the greatest attention and 
pleasure. 

The effect usually attendant upon his preaching, was 
not produced by an artful, studied appeal to the pas- 
sions, nor by the play of a sprightly and vivid imagina- 
tion, nor by any premeditated stroke of eloquence. It 
was rather an effect naturally and imperceptibly created 
by his easy, earnest and solemn manner of address. On 
ordinary occasions, without effort and without design, 
he would gently draw the attention, gradually interest 
the hearer, steal on the sensibilities and affections of the 
mind, and so, imperceptibly bring the whole understand- 
ing and heart, into a state of painful commotion, or of 
pleasing captivity. The hearer would be pleased, im- 
pressed and affected — yet he could scarcely tell why. 
On surveying the preacher, his talents and faculties, in 
an abstract point of view, he would find little, of an ex- 
traordinary nature, to admire : but, on placing .himself 



180 MEMOIRS OJb 

again under the same voice and in similar circumstances, 
the same or a greater effect would certainly follow. 
The Creator had endowed Dr. Finley, with uncom- 
mon powers, which could be distinctly perceived, and 
which Mere extensively felt, but which cannot be fully 
described. It may be said, in general, that he saw 
clearly, felt strongly, and expressed himself with solemn 
earnestness — that sometimes his imagery was bold and 
striking, his description frequently rapid, ardent and 
overwhelming. After all, in estimating Dr. Finley's 
powers and oratory, we ought not to lose sight of the 
important truth, that the power of the spirit of the most 
high God, often rested on his head, penetrated his heart, 
and pervaded the hearts of his hearers and produced ef- 
fects as wonderful as they were divine. 

In those interesting seasons, of awakening and revival, 
which agitated his own mind with strong feeling and 
prompted him to corresponding efforts, he sometimes 
exhibited a spectacle in the sacred desk, which cannot 
now, after the lapse of many years, be contemplated 
without lively emotion. Then especially he was ena- 
bled to speak in demonstration cf the spirit and with pow- 
er. The multitude often listened with astonishment, 
and wept and trembled before him. They saw, that he 
preached, not to secure to himself a name, but for 
them a crown. Pious sensibility and thoughtless hard- 
ness, were often deeply moved under his awakening dis- 
courses. His descriptions, comparisons and illustrations 
were often highly original, significant and striking. 

During the out-pouring of the spirit in 1803, he was 
preaching, at a particular time, on the atonement and 
priesthood of Christ. In the progress of his discourse, 
after the subject in general had been pretty fully explain- 



DR. FINLE1. 181 

ed and the work, of Christ as Saviour, illustrated, he 
made a strung effort to convince sinners of the danger 
of neglecting Christ : — he represented their guilt and 
misery without Him in strong and suitable language : — 
he described them as approaching an awful precipice, 
beneath which the billows of divine wrath were rolling 
in fearful majesty :— every eye was fixed in deep and 
silent attention : — the breaking surges of divine ven- 
geance seemed to send up a dreadful echo to the preach- 
er's voice: — just at this moment of trembling anxiety, 
the speaker, as if to rescue the multitude from the dread- 
ful ruin to which they were rushing, placed himself be- 
tween them and the frightful brink : — and there, his 
countenance speaking terror and amazement, with ges- 
tures suited to his shrill, alarming notes, he cried out — 
"stand back — stand back — Oh! sinners, let me push 
you from this fiery deep !" — An electrical impulse could 
not, more rapidly, have pervaded the house : — the as- 
sembly, in general, appeared in a half rising posture, as 
if starting to recede with horror, from the abyss before 
them. 

Dr. Finley in discharging various other pastoral du- 
ties, and in his intercourse with society, was as remark- 
able and perhaps as useful as he was in the pulpit. 
Whether solicited or not, he visited the sick of every 
age and of every character. The house of affliction he 
delighted to frequent and to bless with his instructions 
and prayers. The funeral attentions and services which 
he rendered, in his extensive congregation, were very 
numerous and often very laborious. With great solici- 
tude and diligence would he search for impressed and 
inquiring souls, that he might impart encouragement, 
relief and comfort to the troubled mind. It was hi? 



182 MEMOIRS OF 

custom on at least one day of every week, and frequent- 
ly more, to mount his horse towards evening, and pro= 
ceed slowly and solemnly towards some retired corner 
of his congregation, there, by appointment to meet a lit- 
tle assembly of immortal creatures, often of the obscure 
and indigent, to pour out his soul before them, in in- 
structions, entreaties and prayers, for their everlasting 
salvation. He appeared to be always engaged in the 
sacred business of his profession. When he went about, 
like his great Master and model, it was to do good. In 
the friendly visit, the occasional call, the unexpected 
interview, by the fireside or on the way, he was a wit- 
ness and a monitor for God. He carried, with him, a 
savour of piety, which made him alike precious to the 
good, and venerable to the wicked. His moral temper- 
ament was warm and active, and his religious frames, his 
faith and love, his spiritual hopes and comforts, through 
divine grace, were rendered so uniform and uninterrupt- 
ed in their character and influence, that he was always 
alive on the subject of religion and to the interests of 
souls. Hence, it appeared to be in a very peculiar de- 
gree, as his meat and his drink to do the will of Him that 
sent him. 

His ordinary conversation was uncommonly plain, 
judicious and sensible, always interspersed and enrich- 
ed with pious remarks and reflections. Practical piety 
was interwoven with all the ordinary and extraordinary 
feelings, views, and transactions of his life — so that he 
was, "a burning and a shining light," shedding abroad 
his salutary radiance, equally in public and in private. 
No person could spend, even a short time in his company, 
without being highly pleased, and receiving some useful 
hints, or seasonable instruction. His common obser- 



DR. FINLEY. 183 

vations on every subject bore marks of wisdom, pro- 
p riety and force. His society being very agreeable 
and useful, was highly appreciated by all classes of peo- 
ple. He possessed in a remarkable degree, the faculty 
of inspiring confidence, esteem and regard for him, in 
the minds of others, young and old, cultivated and plain, 
acquaintances and strangers. To this faculty, in a con- 
siderable degree, is to be attributed the popularity and 
influence which Dr. Finley, so extensively shared, in 
the church and in the world. 

As a man of sound scholarship and useful science, few- 
men have ranked higher. He had been early and con- 
stantly an attentive observer of human life and so be- 
came well versed in knowledge of the world. His phi- 
losophical attainments were very thorough and respect- 
able. As he studied to extend his capacity for useful- 
ness, more than to acquire fame, his improvements were 
solid rather than splendid, and consisted in an extensive 
enlargement of the understanding rather than in a culti- 
vation of the finer powers of taste and imagination. 
Splendour and admiration, were in his view, things of 
very little value. Hence solidity of thought, fertility 
of resource, strength of conception, appeared to him vast- 
ly more important and desirable, than the most improv- 
ed capacity to embellish, amuse and fascinate. There- 
was in his mind and character a constitutional propensi- 
ty to grasp the strong and prominent points of every sub- 
ject and every science, and this propensity he cherished 
and indulged from principle. He perceived the strong 
and urgent demands of the church for his active servi- 
ces: he felt that life was too short and his powers too 
feeble to accomplish all he would wish : and hence he 



184 MEMOIRS OF 

resolved to obtain those requisites first, which are most 
essential to the greatest practical utility. 

In his knowledge of languages he excelled most men 
of his age. He had studied the English tongue with 
great closeness of investigation and soundness of reflec- 
tion : he understood it well in theory and in practice : 
his knowledge of its principles was both grammatical and 
philosophical. Although he did not shine in great ex- 
cellence or elegance of composition, he was admirably 
qualified to illustrate ana to teach the important practi- 
cal parts of the English language. In the Hebrew 
tongue, his proficiency was sufficient to enable him, to 
refer with ease and accuracy, to the original language 
of the Bible, for a solution of any doubts that existed re- 
specting the correctness of our translation, and with fa- 
cility to communicate the elements of it to learners. But 
in the Greek and Latin, his eminence and superiority 
were more decided and acknowledged. To a careful 
and finished education, in classical science, had been 
added the accumulating improvements, of more than 
twenty years experience and actual service in the busi- 
ness of teaching. 

Dr. Finley possessed an extraordinary capacity for 
business. He was more admired, however, for his de- 
liberation, comprehensiveness and accuracy, than for 
his quickness of conception, or rapidity of execution. 
He could embrace and pursue, with ease and efficacj", 
different kinds of business at the same time. All his 
transactions were accomplished with great facility, with- 
out bustle, and apparently almost without effort. Pa- 
tience and perseverance, judicious enterprise and zeal- 
ous public spirit, were prominent traits in his character. 
The village and the country around him, felt happily the 



DR. FINLEY. 18J 

influence of his industry and skill in agriculture* and in 
various other species of public improvement. With his 
judicious economy, was combined a high spirit of libe- 
rality. His beneficence extended to the poor and un- 
fortunate — to infant congregations and rising churches 
— to poor and pious young men, preparing for the sa- 
cred office— to the cause of missionsf in general — and 
to various public charitable institutions. His bounty, 
bestowed at different times, on the interests of science 
and religion, connected with the literary and theologi- 
cal establishments at Princeton, was unusually large, al- 

* Id this business his principles and practice corresponded with the sentiment? 
of the Mantuan Bard, whose science, in husbandry, was little surpassed by his 
poetic taste and beauty. 

" Laudato ingentia rura, 
Exigunm colito." Georg : 
Nor is this an employment unworthy the attentive study and practical regard 
of any man in whatever profession engaged. 

" Quinctius Cincinnatus, omnium consensu, dictator est dictu9. I lie, spe3 unica 
imperii Romani, trans Tiberim, quatuorjugerum, colebatagrum." — Viii Romae. 

t The following statement, on this subject ; has been recently presented to the 
writer by a highly respectable minister of the gospel, who received the communi- 
cation, in confidence, from Dr. Finley, a 9hort time before his removal to the 
south: — 

They were returning together from a meeting of the presbytery, to which both 
belonged. A conversation on the subject of missions took place. Dr. Finley 
observed to hi? friend, that he thought the general assembly of the presbyterian 
church had not engaged in the business of missions, so extensively and zealously 
as they ought, and especially that they had been verv remiss in paying so little 
attention to the subject of foreign missions. After making some general remarks 
in relation to these objects, Dr. Finley proceeded to say, that he had made up his 
miud tooiFer himself in a short lime to the general assembly as a missionary^ go to 
the east, to be employed under their direction and that he intended to present 
them with about $500, to lay the foundation of a fund for the purpose of prose- 
cuting and promoting this object. Circumstances, recently ascertained, create a 
belief; that the particular place, of missionary labours intended, was the contem 
plated colony of free blacks, to be formed, on the coa:t of Africa, and evcntually> 
other destitute parts of that great continent. 

24 



186 MEMOIHS, &.C 

most beyond his means: and of his liberality of feeling 
and intention, towards the colonization society, we are 
furnished with an honourable testimony, in the letter 
from my correspondent at Washington. 

His attendance on the judicatories of the church was 
punctual and faithful. In most of the important trans- 
actions of the church, he bore a conspicuous part. 
Modest and unassuming, more ready to hear than to 
speak, he seldom engaged deeply in public debates. 
There were occasions, however, on which his zeal pre- 
dominated over his diffidence, and forced him into dis- 
cussion. At these times, he displayed, both in appear- 
ance and address, his characteristic plainness, dignity 
and power. 

On the whole, Dr. Finley's rise and eminence in his 
profession, must be ascribed to the joint influence of his 
own talents and exertions, and to the benignant care and 
assistance of Divine Providence. He had no family in- 
fluence to bring him forward and recommend him to 
public regard : no powerful and devoted friends, to pa- 
tronize and promote him : no patrimonial fortune, nor 
parental laurels, on which to repose. The native acti- 
vity and vigour of his mind were extraordinary, and the 
ardent impulses of his soul to be good and to do good, 
stimulated his powers, prescribed his course, and con- 
ducted him to true greatness and true glory. 

" Vitiis nemo sine nascitur: opliraus ille est, 



Qui minimis urgetux." Hor. 



S3®^H^o 



NOTE A. 



DANGERS OF SENDING SONS TOO EARLY TO 
COLLEGE. 

Placing sons in college, at this very early age, is ex- 
tremely imprudent and hazardous. Very few experi- 
ments of this kind, progress and result so happily as that 
before us, even with the advantage of a faithful father's 
care. It is obvious, that when the pupil's mind is feeble 
and immature, his capacity must be so circumscribed, 
that he cannot proceed in his studies with so much hon- 
our, ease and advantage to himself, viewing the case in 
the most favourable light, as he would after a few years 
more, occupied in preparatory study, in establishing 
habits of application, and in acquiring a wider compass 
of general improvement. Parents and guardians, as 
well as the students, are great losers, in most cases, by 
the very early introduction of pupils into college, inas- 
much as they do not obtain so great an amount of solid 
benefit, as they probably would, by a little more delay, 
to remunerate them for their attention, anxiety and ex- 
pense. 

But the morals of youth are exposed to dangers incal- 
culably great and serious, by their being placed in col- 
lege, at this tender and inexperienced age, from under 
the eye of their parents and teachers,* among a promis- 

* Imbprbis Juvenis, tandem rustode remote, 
Cereus in vitium flecti, monitorihus asper, 
milium tardus provisor, prodigus seris Hon. An. poet. 



199 DANGERS OP SENDING SONS 

cuous multitude of youth, collected from almost every 
part of our land, and possessing every variety of barac- 
ter, principle and habit. This is believed to be the 
case, even with regard to the best regulated colleges in 
this country. A government, which, in its administration, 
is enforced principally, if not exclusively, by moral and 
prudential motives, and which, in all its operations, re- 
lies for its success and utility, on the honour, ingenu- 
ousness and emulation of its subjects, is not calculated 
for children and buys. In general, no previous instruc- 
tion and care of parents and teachers can, without the 
special grace of God, so firmly establish youth in good 
principles and habits, as to fortify them against the se- 
ductions of vice, at this early age, and justify their being 
placed in a situation in which temptation, in its most 
captivating forms, constantly addresses them, and in 
which they are left, as their only or principal security, 
to the genuineness and stability of their moral princi- 
ples and feelings. 

Sound policy, and prudent regard to the real welfare 
of colleges, should prompt their officers to discourage 
the application of very young students for admission. 
It is not to be apprehended that they will immediately 
become ringleaders in turbulence and disorder; but it 
is reasonable to suppose that they may constitute the 
materials, with which the really corrupt and disorgan- 
izing commence their tumultuous operations in resisting 
government and order. Should they resist or escape, 
for a season, the danger from this source, to which, from 
their inexperience and unsuspecting temper, they are 
peculiarly exposed ; from the length of time they are 
to remain in college, they enjoy every opportunity ne- 
cessary to render them, before they complete their 



TOO EARLY TO COLLEGE. 191 

course, inveterately expert and sagacious in every cor- 
rupt and destructive art and practice. When we con- 
sider, that the pupils placed in college thus prematurely, 
in general, are such as possess the finest minds — as have 
made the best proficiency in learning — as are attached 
to the most wealthy, intelligent and honourable families 
— and as afford the brightest prospects of success in stu- 
dy, of doing credit to their friends and to the insti- 
tution, and of usefulness to the state, the church or the 
world — how lamentable is it, that they should be placed 
in jeopardy at this critical and interesting moment! 
Were the great mass of the students farther advanced in 
years, and more mature in understanding, it is highly 
probable that the convulsions and revolutions experi- 
enced recently in the colleges and universities of the 
United States, would much less frequently occur. 

In support of the ideas here suggested, we might, from 
personal knowledge and observation, recur to many 
mournful instances, in which amiable and interesting 
boys, who came from home very young, giving evidence 
of excellent disposition and virtuous tendency of mind, 
of good domestic government and scholastic instruction, 
have soon, on entering college and mingling with the 
promiscuous crowd, changed the purity and simplicity 
of their manners, become indolent in study, extravagant 
in dress and expenditure, addicted to vice, and a sacri- 
fice to the imprudence and precipitance of those who 
superintended and directed their movements in life. 

What then, it may be asked, is to be done with boys, 
who have been put to the studies preparatory to college 
very early, and are found fit to become members, in a 
low class, at ten, twelve, thirteen years of age? Let 
them be prepared, in a private and less exposed situation, 



192 DANGERS OF SENDING SONS, &.C. 

for a higher class in college : let them be made to pay 
much more attention than is usual in academies, to Eng- 
lish studies, arithmetic, book-keeping, letter- writing 
composition, geography, history: let them study the 
French, Italian and Hebrew languages, Jewish, Chris- 
tian, Grecian and Roman antiquities: and let them prose- 
ecute the classical studies to a greater extent than is com- 
mon, by reading the whole of those authois, a part of 
which is ordinarily esteemed sufficient, and by studying 
carefully several Roman and Grecian writers not usually 
read at all, such as SatiraB Juvenalis, Cicero de amicitia, 
de natura, de oratore, Deorum, &c. of the former, and 
Thucydides, Longinus, &c. of the latter. 



NOTE B. 



ADVANTAGE OF TEACHING TO YOUNG MEN. 



Dr. Witherspoon, experienced and enlightened on 
every subject, was deeply convinced of the usefulness 
of this employment to a young man, and recommended 
it to Mr. Finley and to many others, with great earnest- 
ness. 

Every teacher is himself a learner, for some time at 
least, in the common language of the country, " he is 
going to school." It being his duty to explain clearly 
and communicate promptly to others, to judge of their 
performances and correct their errors, he is impelled to 
view accurately, to investigate deeply and to make him- 
self master of the author, language or science, which he 
teaches. By teaching what he does know, he acquires 
it more thoroughly and renders it familiar to his mind 
and permanent in his recollection. 

Not only does he improve in science, but, what is un- 
speakably important, he gains knowledge of the human 
character and forms habits of exertion and of business, 
by this employment. A school is a little world — a teach- 
er is an observer of all that takes place within it. With- 
in his narrow limits and in the character and conduct of 
the small company that surrounds him from day to day, 
he may see partially exhibited, the talents, designs, pas- 
sions and machinations of all descriptions of person^. 

25 



194 ADVANTAGES OF TEACHING 

who display themselves on the theatre of life. On 
the one side of this little community, he sees integrity 
and virtue, humbly and diligently devoted to (heir 
object : — On another, ambition and restlessness, con- 
triving, fretting and struggling. Soon the forward, 
deceitful, arrogant temper will be discovered, assuming 
its plausible exterior and claiming the high considera- 
tion due to its pretended merits. Here strong passion, 
turbulence and noise will manifest themselves — there 
artful, lurking, insidious vice. Here sluggishness and 
shameless falsehood — -there dulness and imbecility. In 
one place will be exhibited the certain success of pa- 
tient and persevering application with moderate powers 
— in another the lamentable deficience of unsteady ef- 
forts, even with the noble capacity and enterprise of 
genius. The collisions of interest ; the conflicts of pas- 
sion and power; the persecutions and injuries of un- 
resisting meekness and merit — are soon and frequently 
referred to the teacher as an umpire. He must hold his 
court — investigate character — pry into motive — hear 
evidence —graduate crime on the scale of guilt — pro- 
nounce sentence — inflict punishment — prescribe reme- 
dies for disorder — suggest and enforce motives to obedi- 
ence adapted to the dispositions and tempers of all who 
are concerned in the passing scene. After a course of 
employment and experience, like this, the young man 
goes out into the world to meet, on a larger scale, 
the same characters, tempers, arts and vices, which he 
has seen exhibited in his little commonwealth. He 
meets scarcely any thing new — any thing which he is 
not prepared to expect and encounter. This knowl- 
edge is essential to true greatness of character and em- 
inent success in the world. The earlier it is acquired, 
the more immediate, easy and rapid is the progress to- 



TO YOUNG MEN. l9/> 

wards distinction in honour and usefulness. Other means* 
will eventually secure the advantages which have been 
suggested, as arising out of this occupation, but by a 
much more slow and devious process. History expos- 
es the springs and windings of human life. But the 
method of acquiring- practical qualifications for useful- 
ness in the world, here referred to, considered by itself, 
unites more advantages, is more immediate and extensive 
in the benefits it produces, than any other separate 
measure that can be suggested, and probably, in must 
cases, more than all others that could be employed by 
a literary youth. — The kind of discipline and drilling 

* That, resorted to, in early life bv the illustrious Virginian patriot and ora- 
tor, Patrick Henry, of which his eloquent biographer, William Wirt, Esq. has giv- 
en us an interesting detail, in his splendid view of that great man, published at 
Philadelphia 1817, pages 9 and lO, was happily successful — ' He found another 
relief too, in the frequent opportunities now afforded him of pursuing his favour- 
ite study of the human character. The character of every customer underwent 
his scrutiny .- and that not with reference either to the integrity or solvency of 
the individual, in which one would suppose that Mr Henry would feel himself 
most interested : but in relation to the structure of his mind the general cast of 
his opinions, the motives and principles which influenced his actions, and what 
may be called the philosophy of his character." The account of Mr. Henry's 
manner, stated by Mr. Wirt, is this — " That whenever a company of his cus- 
tomers met in the store, which frequently happened on the last day of the week, 
and were, themselves, sufficiently gay and animated to talk and act as nature 
prompted, without concealment, without reserve, he would take no part in their 
discussions, but listen with a silence as deep and Ulenlive, as if under the influence 
of some potent charm If on the contrary, they were dull and silent, he would, 
without betraying his drift, task himself to set thein in motion, and excite them to 
remark, collision and exclamation. He was peculiarly delighted with comparing 
their characters, and ascertaining how they would, severally, act, in given situa- 
tions. With tliis view he would state an hypothetic case, and call for their opin- 
ions, one by one, as to the conduct which would be proper in it. If they differed, 
he would demand their reasons, and enjoy highly, the debates in which he would 
thus involve them By multiplying and varying those imaginary cases at pleasure, 
lie ascertained the general course of human opinion, and formed for himself, as it 
were, a graduated scale of the motives and conduct, which arc natural to man." 



196 ADVANTAGES OP TEACHING, &C. 

that the mind is daily subject to in this business, strength- 
ens and improves all its faculties. Could young gen- 
tlemen be induced, after completing their collegiate 
course, to spend a few years in this occupation, the 
public would be benefitted by it, as well as them- 
selves. Grammar schools would be increased in num- 
ber as well as improved in quality : and the means of 
education more extensively enjoyed through the coun- 
try, in general. 

The principles here advanced and the practice re- 
commended, derive importance and support from the 
fact, that a number of the principal characters in our 
country — in the pulpit — at the bar — in the practice of 
medicine — on the tribunals of justice — in the first ranks 
of military honour — and at the very head of depart- 
ments in government : — have in early life, participated 
in the labours and benefits of instructing and governing 
seminaries of learning. And on the whole, from mature 
consideration of the subject, it is believed, that this em- 
ployment, if continued sufficiently, has such an influence 
on the mind, habit and character of an intelligent, judi- 
cious and reflecting young man, as to secure to him pe- 
culiarly solid and valuable advantages from it. 



NOTE C. 

SKETCH OF 
REV. JAMES FRANCIS ARMSTRONG. 



The following brief sketches of the Rev. Mr. James 
Francis Armstrong, were published soon after his de- 
cease, in a respectable paper printed weekly in Tren- 
ton. The writer sincerely regrets his not being able 
to devote more time and attention to the subject of this 
biographical notice ; a subject which will long be in- 
teresting and dear to the members of the Presbytery of 
New-Brunswick, to the congregations of Trenton and 
Lawrence, and to a very numerous, and highly respect- 
able circle of relatives and acquaintances. 

SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF 
THE REV. JAMES FRANCIS ARMSTRONG, 

LATE PASTOR OF THE PRESBVTER1AN CHURCH 
IN TRENTON, 

Who departed this life on the 19th day of January, 1816. 

He was born in the year 1T50, in the township of 
West Nottingham, in the present state, then province of 
Maryland. His father, who was a respectable elder in 
the church, and an eminently pious man, early placed 
him at a classical school in Fag's Manor, under the di- 



198 SKETCH OF 

rection of the reverend and deservedly distinguished 
Mr. John Blair, afterwards Vice-President and Profess- 
or of Divinity, in the college of New-Jersey. Mr. 
Armstrong, in this elementary stage of his education, 
was marked as a youth of prompt talents, and promising 
hopes. After having passed through the usual course 
of the classics at that seminary, he was removed to the 
College of New-Jersey, in the fall of the year 1771, and 
entered the junior class. He was at that time a young 
man of very sprightly parts, and passed his examinations 
with reputation. Buthis father being peculiarly solicitous 
for his moral improvement, induced the President, the 
Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, to receive him as a member of 
his family. Here he contracted that profound reve- 
rence for his venerable preceptor, which marked all his 
conduct in the college, and was a distinguishing feature 
in his character, to the latest period of his life. 

In the year 1773, he was admitted to the degree of 
bachelor of arts ; and having continued to cultivate the 
studies of theology, between two and three years longer, 
he was licensed to preach the gospel, about the com- 
mencement of the revolutionary war for the existence 
and independence of the American republic. A zeal- 
ous friend of his country, he early entered the revolu- 
tionary army as a chaplain ; and being of a vigorous 
and athletic constitution, and of great bravery, as well 
as sincere piety, he served in this arduous war, accord- 
ing to the demands of duty, or t ■ exigencies of the 
times, both as an enterprising soldier, and a faithful min- 
ister of the gospel ; and it was not a little to his honour, 
that, in the midst of so many scenes of peculiar tempta- 
tion, he was never ashamed of the gospel of Christ, but 
came through all its perils and seductions, with a char- 



REV. J. F. ARMSTRONG. l'Jl* 

aeter without reproach as a brave citizen, and his holy 
ministry unstained by any unhallowed conformity to the 
manners of the world. 

Having received a cordial invitation to assume the 
pastoral charge of the Presbyterian church in Trenton, 
he entered upon it in the year 1780, with the humility 
and faith of a Christian bishop. Connected with the se- 
rious duties which this office imposed upon him, he ac- 
cepted the additional charge of the church at Maiden- 
head, and in fulfilling the multiplied services of the vine- 
yard of his Lord, he continued as his health would per- 
mit, till the period of his death. Towards the decline 
of life, he was visited with rheumatic affections of un- 
common severity, occasioned by the arduous services, 
to which his active spirit exposed him, during his milita- 
ry career. These he bore with uncommon fortitude, 
and pious resignation to the will of Heaven. They ne- 
cessarily created some partial interruptions in his paro- 
chial obligations. 

Rut the zeal of his ministerial friends to serve him, 
contributed to render these interruptions little felt. The 
warmth of his fraternal affections and his devotion to the 
service of the church, cheerfully called to his relief, 
whenever it became necessary, every aid which his 
brethren, who loved equally the ardour of his piety, and 
the generous warmth of his friendship, could bestow. 

The character of his discourses in the pulpit was gen- 
erally fervent, the principles of his theology orthodox 
and scriptural. In his friendship he was ardent and sin- 
cere ; in his piety he was devout, keeping a faithful reg- 
ister of the religious exercises of his mind for many 
years; and though firm and established in his own prin- 
ciples, he embraced with distinguished candour and 



200 SKETCH OF 

charity, all who appeared to be the sincere disciples of 
his blessed Saviour. 

Extract from a sermon delivered at the funeral of the Rev. 
James F Armstrong, late pastor of the presbyterian 
church in this city by the Rev. Dr. Miller of Princeton. 

With regard to the reverend and respected brother, 
whose remains now lie before us, about to be deposited 
in the house appointed for all living, he is gone beyond 
the reach of our eulogies and our memorials. He needs 
not the praise of men. While we bend over his lifeless 
corpse, with tender and mournful recollections, his disen- 
thralled and sanctified spirit is enjoying, we humbly 
trust, the presence and the smiles of his God and Sa- 
viour. He Avas well known to you all ; to many of you 
longer and more intimately than to the speaker. There 
is therefore the less occasion of my dwelling long on 
the circumstances of his life, or upon his general char- 
acter. 

Your departed pastor was a native of the state of Ma- 
ryland, where he was born in the year 1750. His pa- 
rents were highly respectable, and in particular eminent 
for their piety. They trained up this their son in the 
nurture and admonition of the Lord ; and at a very ear- 
ly period of life he received those religious impressions, 
which concurring with the earnest wishes of a pious fa- 
ther, determined him to consecrate himself to the work 
of the gospel ministry. After making the usu; i prelimi- 
nary-acquirements, he entered the college of New-Jer- 
sey; and having completed the course of study in that 
institution, he received its honours in the Autumn of the 
year 1773. 



REV. J. F. ARMSTRONG. 201 

In a short time after leaving college, lie entered on 
his theological studies under the direction of the vene- 
rable Dr. Witherspoon, and completed them just about 
the commencement of the revolutionary war; when, 
fired with that patriotic ardour, which distinguished him 
throughout life, he determined to join the army, which 
was fighting the battles of his country. He accordingly 
entered it in the capacity of a chaplain ; in which capa- 
city he served with fidelity and reputation, during the 
whole of the revolutionary contest. 

At the close of the war, he formed a matrimonial con- 
nexion with the family of Robert James Livingston, 
Esq. of the state of New-York, soon after which he was 
engaged for more than a year in ministering to the 
church in Elizabeth-Town, in this state. In the year 
1785, the church in this city, which had become, a short 
time before, vacant by the decease of the Rev. Dr. 
Spencer, invited him to take the pastoral charge of it, 
in connexion with that of Maidenhead. Ke accepted 
the call, and was settled as the pastor of these united 
congregations, in the course of that year. 

In 1799, he was elected a trustee of the College of 
New-Jersey, in which office he continued till his death. 
And few of the members of that board, as long as he en- 
joyed a tolerable share of health, were more punctual 
in their attendance on its meetings, or more ardent in 
their zeal for the interests of the institution, than your 
deceased pastor. 

He had been seven or eight years settled in this place, 
when he was attacked by that distressing and obstinate 
disease, which was the burden of all his after life ; and 
by Avhich a frame, once the most athletic and vigorous, 
was gradually enfeebled, borne down, and finally 

26 



202 SKETCH OK 

brought to the dust. The foundation of this disease was 
supposed to have been laid, at least in part, by the pri- 
vations and sufferings which he underwent during his 
connexion with the army. It is certain, that through 
the whole of that connexion, his enterprise and bravery 
led him to encounter, with cheerfulness, and even be- 
yond what his official duty demanded, every hardship 
incident to military life. 

With respect to the character and the success of his 
labours among you, my brethren, there needs no testi- 
mony from me. You have seen him, for near thirty 
years, going in and out before you, labouring with assi- 
duit)', and during a great part of the time, under the 
pressure of disease, for your spiritual welfare. You 
have seen him addressing you with affectionate earnest- 
ness, when his enfeebled frame was scarcely able to 
maintain an erect posture in the sacred desk. You have 
heard him lamenting, in the tenderest terms, his inabili- 
ty to serve you in a more active manner. And you have 
seen him manifesting with frequency his earnest desire 
to promote your best interest, even when weakness com- 
pelled him to be absent from the solemn assembly. 

But why enlarge on these topics, before those who 
knew him so well ? Or why dwell upon points of ex- 
cellence in his character, which all acknowledged ? The 
warmth of his friendship,; his peculiar urbanity ; his do- 
mestic virtues ; his attachment to evangelical truth ; his 
decided friendliness to vital piety ; his punctuality, as 
long as he had strength to go abroad, in attending on 
the judicatories of the church : — these, among the many 
excellent traits of character exhibited by the pastor of 
whom you have just taken leave, will no doubt be re- 



A£V. J. F. ARMSTRON0. 85$ 

membercd with respect and with mournful pleasure, 
for a long time to come. 

More than once have I witnessed, during his weak- 
ness and decline, not only the anxious exercises of one 
who watched over the interests of his own soul with a 
sacred jealousy ; but also the affectionate aspirations of 
his heart for the eternal welfare of his family and flock. 
Farewell ! afflicted, beloved man, farewell ! We shall 
see thee again ! see thee, we trust, no more the pale vic- 
tim of weakness, disease and death ; but in the image and 
the train of our blessed Master, and in all the immortal 
youth and health and lustre of his glorified family! — 
May it then, O may it then appear, that all thine anxious 
prayers, and all thine indefatigable labours for the spir- 
itual benefit of those who were so dear to thine heart, 
have not been in vain in the Lord ! 



NOTE D. 

SKETCH OF REV. GILBERT T. SNOWDEN. 



Rev. Gilbert Tennent Snowdf.n, was born A. D. 
1766. He eirjoyed in a peculiar degree the advantages 
of early, pious instruction and discipline : and his youth- 
ful education was of the most thorough and liberal kind. 
After completing- the course of study preparatory to the 
sacred office, he was licensed to preach the gospel, by 
the presbytery of Philadelphia. On the 24th day of 
November, 1790, he was transferred to the presbytery 
of New-Brunswick and solemnly ordained, by the same, 
to the work of the ministry and installed pastor of the 
congregation of Cranbury. — On the 20th of February, 
1797", in the eighth year of his ministry and in the thir- 
ty-second of his age, his respectable and useful labours, 
in the church, were closed by death. The following 
appropriate and elegant sketch, of his character, is ex- 
tracted from a sermon delivered at his funeral, by the 
Rev. Dr. Samuel S. Smith, president of the college of 
New-Jersey; which discourse was afterwards published 
in Philadelphia, by Messrs. Ormrod and Conrad. 

" Your pastor has been removed from you, by a sud- 
den and unexpected stroke of providence, almost in the 
morning >f life, and the beginning of his usefulness. 
Young, active, and diligent in the duties of his holy call- 
ing, I am persuaded he has created a deep and tender 



206 Sketch of 

interest in each of your hearts. And I perceive that, 
in this event, you mourn the loss, not only of an excel- 
lent man, and a worthy and respectable minister of the 
gospel, but of a monitor, a comforter, a friend, and, may 
I not add notwithstanding his age ? even of a Father in 
Christ Jesus. 

" Thebesteulogyof Mr. Gilbert T.Snowden wouldbe 
a faithful history of himself. I cannot here attempt mi- 
nutely to trace it. A few only of the prominent features 
of his character I shall endeavour to sketch. And I 
shall study to do it with that simplicity and plainness 
that becomes a narrative of truth. — Early in life, in the 
studies both of the school and of the college, he discov- 
ered a promptness of parts, and ardour of mind that pre- 
saged under a prudent and wise direction, great respect- 
ability and usefulness, in riper age. Blessed with a pi- 
ous domestic education, the principles of religion made 
an early impression on his mind. And notwithstanding 
the great vivacity of his natural disposition, which so of- 
ten proves a snare to youth, the restraints of principle, 
of reason and of conscience, still retained their influ- 
ence. The same happy principles, under the direction 
of divine grace, led him eventually to the justesf senti- 
ments of his duty to God, and to mankind. His deep 
and earnest concern for the things that belonged to 
his eternal peace issued in a calm and settled hope in 
the divine mercy through Jesus Christ. His religion 
rested on the Rock of ages. And a fervent spirit of pie- 
ty animated all his private virtues, and his public du- 
ties. 

" For a short time after receiving his first degree in the 
arts, he applied himself to the study of the laws of his 
country. But inflamed with the love of doing good. 



KEV. G. T. SKOWDEN. 201 

and the desire of consecrating his talents to his Saviour, 
he relinquished the pursuit of that honourable and use- 
ful profession, for one that attracted him still more, as 
being more immediately connected with the glory of his 
Redeemer, and the immortal interests of his fellow men. 
An anecdote relative to this subject, which he sometimes 
repeated to his friends, is, perhaps, not unworthy of being 
mentioned in this place. His mind being naturally ar- 
dent and aspiring, he entered on the studies of jurispru- 
dence and politics with elevated and ambitious views. 
He pursued them with indefatigable application, and 
was making such proficiency as promised success to 
his wishes. At this period, the death of an eminent at- 
torney who enjoyed great reputation at the bar, and 
had risen to some of the first honours in his country, 
struck his mind with one of those trains of reflection 
which sometimes spring from particular events, and 
have a great influence on the character and pursuits of 
life, and which can hardly be accounted for except by a 
secret agency of Divine Providence. He asked him- 
self, what now is fame, or wealth, or all the honours and 
splendours of this world to him who can enjoy them no 
more? In a few days, all the boasted distinctions 
among mankind which too often foster vanity and pride, 
shall be laid in the dust. All that they have been is then 
nothing, that only is real which they shall be forever. 
My earthly ambition I see is vain, I will look to higher 
objects, and give it scope in a boundless and eternal 
scene — I will seek an inheritance that is uncorrupted, 
undefilcd and thatfadcth not away — I will aspire to glory 
only in that heavenly kingdom, where they that arc 
/vise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament and they 
that turn many to righteousness as the stars forever and 



208 SKETCH OF 

ever. From that moment he devoted his whole atten- 
tion to the ministry of the gospel. 

" To embrace the office of the ministry is, in our coun- 
try, to abandon the road of civil honours and emolu- 
ments. It is, when we consider merely the splendours 
and dignities of the present world, to confine genius and 
talents to an humble sphere, from which they can never 
hope to emerge. It is to embrace a voluntary pover- 
ty,* and, by two contradictory caprices of public opin- 
ion, to be obliged to maintain the appearance of a cer- 
tain rank and fortune, and yet be rigidly precluded, ex- 
cept at the risk of reputation and usefulness, from the 
means of attaining or improving either. It is one, and 
no inconsiderable proof, of a sincere and zealous piety 
in your departed pastor, that he renounced the pros- 
pects to which he was invited, in pursuing the first pro- 
fession he had chosen ; and that he devoted to the ser- 
vice of Christ, his Master, a genteel and easy patrimony, 
derived from a parent whose industry had procured for 
him an honourable affluence. But you, my brethren, 
had other proofs of his sincerity and piety. You were 
witnesses how holily, how diligent}// and unblameably he 
behaved himself among you who believe ; with what faith- 
fulness and zeal he preached the gospel ; w r ith what 
firmness he reproved the disorderly ; with what tender- 
ness he consoled the afflicted ; with what paternal assi- 
duity he visited your families, and taught you, accord- 
ing to the apostolic example, from house to house. The 
affectionate attachment to him which you manifested in 
life ; this numerous assembly that attends his remains to 

* I mean in comparison with the fortunes which men of talents acquire in other 
lawful professions. 



REV. C. T. SN0WDEN. 209 

the dust ; and the grief that is settled on every counte- 
nance, strongly attest the fidelity and prudence with 
which he discharged his pastoral functions in the midst 
of you. He recommended himself to every man's judg- 
ment, and to every man's heart. 

"Mr. Snowden's piety to God was united with the 
most amiable and benevolent attentions to mankind. 
His charities were liberal. His social dispositions 
warmly attached the affections of the people of his 
charge, and gained a ready access to their hearts, for 
those pious reflections which he was prone to mingle 
with the cheerfulness of conversation. Religion in him 
bore nothing gloomy or austere in his aspect, or allied 
to superstition in its pi'actice. If in the first moments of 
his religious zeal, the native ardour of his mind seizing 
on objects so great, and so new to him, as those of the 
eternal world, led him to form ideas of piety above the 
present standard and condition of human nature, reflec- 
tion, judgment and acquaintance with the Holy Scrip- 
tures soon enabled him to correct them, and to frame to 
himself a system of virtue and practical holiness, highly 
rational and just. His pious affections seemed to be ha- 
bitually in act, and to mingle themselves with every do- 
mestic, social and public engagement. His conversa- 
tion was always cheerful and animated, his dispositions 
to society warm and affectionate, his spirit candid and 
liberal, and along with the great principles of piety, jus- 
tice and charity, he considered it as incumbent on a 
Christian, according to the apostolic direction to culti- 
vate 'whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things 
are ofgood report: and, if there is any virtue, if there i<- 
any praise ; to think of these things.'* 

* PLilippians, iv. J? 

27 



210 SKETCH OF 

" Your deceased minister and friend is to be consider- 
ed, not only as a faithful pas/or, but as an useful man- 
He was growing into great importance and respectabili- 
ty in the judicatories of the church. And the flourish- 
ing circumstances of this congregation — the decency of 
its public worship — the order of its finances — the regu- 
larity of its discipline — the accuracy of its records — and 
the readiness and pleasure with which the reciprocal 
duties ^hicha people owe to their pastor have been 
discharged, are all so many monuments to his praise. 
His counsel and example promoted industry. He 
was forward in advancing every scheme of improve- 
ment among the people. An excellent citizen him- 
self, he inculcated the duties of good citizenship, as 
being among the essential virtues of Christianity. 
Vigilant for the public liberty, he knew that liberty 
itself could not exist without subordination to laws. An 
enemy to faction and sedition — abhorring those in- 
trigues, cabals, and slanders that tend to disturb the 
peace of the state, he ever taught it to be as much 
the duty of a good man to submit to the higher powers 
in the execution of their lawful functions, as to be pru- 
dent and circumspect in the use of that portion of sove- 
reignty that each citizen enjoys, by which those powers 
themselves are appointed. — But what shall I say 1 — as a 
citizen — as a neighbour — as a friend — as an active, use- 
ful, amiable member of society, you were witnesses of 
his virtues, and, I am persuaded, you will long hold the 
memory of them dear. — As a pastor you loved him. 
You now follow him with your tears and sighs to his 
grave. Every famiiy thinks it has lost in him a broth- 
er or a father. He has left, I trust, in your houses and 
in your hearts, those precious seeds of piety and truth 



KEV. G. T. 3NOWDEN. 211 

which will spring- up, and bear fruit to the glory of God, 
when he has received his reward." 

The following passage is added from the same dis- 
course, as a striking instance, of that superior kind of el- 
oquence, for which the writer, of the preceding elegant 
view of Mr. Snowden, is so highly distinguished, and as 
presenting reflections suited to the occasion and appro- 
priate to the character of the deceased : — 

" For himself, though just in the freshness and vigour 
of life, and in the midst of prospects of usefulness and re- 
putation that were daily enlarging, it has pleased a 
sovereign Providence to call him away from a young 
and tender family — from a bereaved congregation — and 
from his labours in the church of Christ. — Obscure, of- 
ten, and mysterious are thy dispensations, infinite God ! 
But though clouds and * darkness appeared to be round 
about thee,' we believe and confess that 'justice and 
judgment are the habitation of thy throne, mercy and 
truth forever go before thy face !'* He re sis from his 
labours and his works do follow him. Let this be the 
consolation of surviving mourners. Though the stroke 
is painful — though the bereavement is severe, and grief 
for a moment, may overwhelm the weakness of human 
nature ; yet a pious man will not murmur against the 
will of God — a good man would not wish to call him 
away from the felicity that he enjoys. Our own self- 
love must yield to the considerations of his superior hap- 
piness and glory." 

• realms, KCvii, 2, and Ixxxix. 14. 



NOTE E. 



SKETCH OF THE REV. JOSEPH CLARK, U.D. 



Joseph Clark was born October 21st, 1751, near Eli- 
zabeth-Town, New-Jersey. His father was a man of 
more than ordinary worth, and his mother was eminent- 
ly pious. Mr. Clark regarded the good example and 
pious instruction of his excellent mother, as having been 
the principal means employed by the Heavenly Father, 
to bring him to penitence and piety. At an early age 
he felt the power of religion, and was admitted a mem- 
ber of the presbyterian church at Elizabeth-Town, un- 
der the ministry of the Rev. James Caldwell. After he 
had passed his twentieth year, his views were elevated 
above the ordinary pursuits of men, and fixed upon the 
service of God in the ministry of his Son. 

Henceforth his studies and his whole attention were 
directed to this great object. He encountered many 
difficulties and embarrassments in prosecuting his pur- 
pose, and consequently advanced slowly in the path he 
had chosen. He manifested a very great degree of pa- 
tience, industry and perseverance, in pressing towards 
the object of pursuit. The confusion created by the 
American revolution, retarded his progress. When the 
British entered New-Jersey, he left college, and joined 
the American army. He continued several years in the 
service of his country, rendered important aid in the 



214 SKETCH OF 

revolutionary contest, and received attentions from dis- 
tinguished military characters, very flattering to a youth 
of his age. At length, after many interruptions, he was 
honoured with the degree of bachelor of arts, in the col- 
lege of New-Jersey, A. D. 1731, just at the close of his 
twenty-ninth year. Anxious to be engaged in ihe great 
and good work in contemplation, he entered upon his 
course of theological study without delay. The princi- 
pal part of his theological instructions, he received from 
that venerable father^' in the church, and distinguished 
teacher of divinity and ecclesiastical history, the Rev. 
Dr. John Woodhull, pastor of the first presbyterian con- 
gregation of Freehold, Monmouth, New-Jersey, with 
whom Mr. Clark resided some time, prosecuting his stu- 
dies preparatory to the ministry, and improving himself, 
by assisting his reverend preceptor in the instruction of 
the highly respectable grammar school, which he had 
established, and was then superintending, at the place of 
his residence. 

Having successfully accomplished the course of study 
usually prescribed to candidates for the sacred office, he 
was licensed, on the twenty-third day of April, A.D. 1783, 
by the Presbytery of New-Brunswick, to preach the 
gospel of Christ. On the twenty-first of October 
following, he was appointed, as a stated supply for six 
months, for the vacant congregation at Allentown. On 
the fifteenth day of June, 1734, Mr. Clark was solemnly 

* This honourable appellation is justly due to that distinguished minister of 
the gospel, on account ofhis having bepn a zealous and active partaker in most of 
the important ruea ures by which the Presbyterian Church in the United States 
was originally established, and by which, under God. it has been conducted to its 
present state of prosperity Inaddi;ioa to this, it is believed to he a fact, that 
he has sustained the office of an ordained minister of Jesus Christ, a greater num- 
ber of ye- * , - , n any other individual now living, in the Presbyterian Church. 



JOSEPH CLARK, D.D. 215 

ordained, sine titulo y * to the work of the holy ministry, 
by tho Presbytery of New-Brunswicjk; the Synod of 
New-York and New-Jersey having been previously 
consulted respecting- the expediency of that transaction, 
and having- approved the contemplated measure. 

Very soon after Mr. Clark commenced his visits and 
occasional ministrations at Allentown, as a licentiate, 
the people of that place manifested a strong predilec- 
tion for his person and services, which in a short time 
resulted in their giving him a regular "call, to under- 
take the pastoral office in said congregation." Although 
this became immediately the stated place of his ministe- 
rial labours, he did not regularly accept the call, which 
had been put into his hands for consideration, until June 
1T88, when he was installed pastor of that congregation 
by the Presbytery of New-Brunswick. 

Mr. Clark very soon acquired the esteem and confi- 
dence of his brethren in the ministry, and became high- 
ly respectable for his talents, his prudence and his pie- 
ty, in the eyes of the church and of the world. In Jan- 
uary 1796, he was regularly "translated" from the pas- 
toral charge of the congregation of Allentown, to that 
of the presbyterian congregation in the city of New- 
Brunswick, where he continued his pastoral services, in 
growing honour and usefulness until death. 

Mr. Clark was endowed by his Creator, with talents 
of a superior grade ; and his mind was enlarged and ac- 
complished by much reading and study. These things, 
together with his deep penetration into the human heart. 
and his thorough experimental acquaintance with the 
springs of human conduct, qualified him to be a judi- 

V; Without pastoral charge 



216 SKETCH OV 

cious and successful agent in business implicating the 
characters, involving the interests, and touching the sen- 
sibilities and passions of men. He was independent and 
firm in his exercise of thought and accustomed to rely, 
very much, on the dictates of his own understanding: 
and without appearing to be ambitious, presuming or 
self confident, he was always forward and ready to aid 
and direct in every great and good work. He was a 
very distinguished and zealous instrument in accom- 
plishing several important public transactions in his day. 
In the years 1798 and 1799, the state of the western 
frontier of our country, and the destitute condition of 
many congregations,, either about being formed or regu- 
larly organized, in different parts of the United States, 
began to attract the attention of the general assembly 
and of the leading characters in the presbyterian church. 
The Rev. Mr. Clark, was conspicuous, from the begin- 
ning, for activity and zeal in all the measures relating 
to this new and interesting object of attention, in the 
presbyterian church. The general assembly, of the 
year 1300, brought their views to a point and agreed 
that the following objects deserve consideration, viz : — 

1. "The gospelizing and civilization of the Indians, 
on the frontiers of our country." 

2. " The instruction of the negroes, the poor and those 
who are destitute of the means of grace." 

3. " The purchasing and disposing of Bibles and of 
books and short essays, on the great principles of reli- 
gion and morality." 

4. " The provision of a fund for the more complete 
instruction of candidates, for the gospel ministry previ- 
ous to their licensure." 



JOSEPH CLARK, D.D. 217 , 

To enrry into effect these seasonable and beneficent 
plans, (he wait of funds, was perceived and deeply de- 
plored The assembly resolved to appoint and send 
agents through the country, to solicit donations, for 
the purposes, above mentioned. For this business, 
Mr. Clark was peculiarly qualified, by the dispositions 
of mind and traits of character, before suggested. The 
assembly, sensible of this, selected him as one of the six 
persons, to whom this agency was committed. He en- 
tered upon the service with great cordiality and zeal. 
His heart and hands were warmly devoted to the cause. 
His success clearly evinced his zeal and fidelity, in the 
business. Of the agents appointed, only four acted. 
At the next general assembly, May 1801, Mr. Clark re- 
ported an amount of subscriptions obtained $ 6869, 
47 cts. which, with some unascertained monies due from 
the same source, exceeded considerably $ 7000. The 
most successful, 61 the other three, reported $2124, 
70 cts. 

In the year 1800, whilst these things were taking- 
place in the general assembly, a measure connected 
with this subject and auxiliary to it, was introduced and 
adopted in the presbytery of New-Brunswick, which 
was important in itself and which reflects great honour 
on Mr. Clark, who was the prime suggester of the plan, 
its principal advocate while under discussion, and the 
most active and influential individual, in carrying it in- 
to effect. 
It was foreseen, as soon as the above named subjects, were 

taken up, in the assembly, that the execution of the con- 
templated plan, for enlarging the funds of the assembly, 
must devolve upon the presbyteries constituting that 
body. The presbytery of New-Brunswick, anxious to 

28 



218 SKETCH OF 

afford pecuniary aid, in this exigence of (he church, 
with all possible expedition, and in anticipation of the 
assembly's probable decision as to the best manner of 
proceeding, at the suggestion of Mr. Clark, devised and 
adopted a number of rules, respecting the raising of an 
annual collection, through their churches, the last one 
of which is particularly worthy of observation, viz : — 
" Finally that in compliance with the request of 
the elders of the churches in presbytery met, and in or- 
der as far as possible to equalise the contributions and 
to proportion them, to the abilitesof the respective con- 
gregations, the annexed schedule of apportionments, be 
recommended, to be considered as containing, the year- 
ly rates of contribution from the several churches. 
'Connected with this resolution stands in the printed mi- 
nute of that transaction, a specific statement of the sum, 
to be required annually from each congregation, under 
the care of the presbytery, to be disposed of agreeably 
to a foregoing resolution. Some of the most experien- 
ced and judicious members of presbytery were very ap- 
prehensive of serious dissatisfaction, and resistance to 
this measure, among the churches. It was however 
adopted in presbytery. And in order to explain and 
vindicate the measure in the view of the congregation ; 
and to procure their approbation and compliance, Mr. 
Clark consented to become, in person, the bearer and 
publisher of it, to the churches in general. So ably 
and successfully, did he perform this voluntary service, 
that the whole recommendation of the presbytery, on 
this subject, was received and complied with. The 
congregations, in general, in their annual collections for 



JOSEPH CLARK, U.D. 219 

the general assembly, observe, at this very time, the ap- 
portionments* then made and enjoined upon them. 

* There appear? to be a radical and lamentable defect in the constitution and 
government of the presbyteriao church in regard to the method of obtaining uindj 
to meet the varioui an J important exigeuries of the church. Every government 
ought to possess power and toexhibit in its constitution and laws a provision, 'or 
obtaining from its own subjects, on equitable principles, adequate means to accom- 
plish the important purposes and to promote the best interests, of the system. Our 
ecclesiastical compact, is destitute of such a provision. The plan pursued i<* with- 
out authority and therefore comparatively without eff. c' The repeated calls 
addressed to the churches, accompanied by a formal recommendation, feebly and 
timidly whispered out, a-e heard only by a part, and heeded, by very few. 
Leaving the manner and amount of contribution entirely to the discretion of the 
contributor, the present system operates unequally and unjustly as it relates to 
different lections of the church and individuals in the same portion of the chinch. 
It is attended with vast inconvenience, delay, and sacrifice, imposing through the 
scantiness of its products, the necessity of direct and repeated appeals to the char- 
ity and liberality or the few disposed to give, by solicitation, subscriptions and col- 
lections, which at length become burdensome, to the collectors and offensive to 
the people. And the most material disadvantage is, that the resources provided 
are temporary and inadequate to the demand. 

The system introduced into the presbytery of New-Bruriswick, through the in- 
strumentality of Mr. Clark, prescribing to every conj regatinn the permanent 
amount of annual contribution, presents an actual demonstration, of the disposi- 
tion with which, a measure containing this principle, would probably be received 
in the presbvterian church, in general, when once adopted by the voice of the rep- 
resentatives of the clergy and laity acting in their supreme legislative capacity. 
The number of professors of religion in this branch of the church, consists of at 
least 00,000 : and there are, at a moderate estimate, 250.000 supporters of the 
gospel, or attendants on public worship within her bounds. How perfectly easy 
would it be, to provide means by making a very low assessment, on this great 
mass of people, for the most part, living id circumstances oi abundance and ease, 
sufficient, to carry on the missionary opeiations— to discharge the claims on the 
commissioner's fund,— and to mature and perfect our most valuable and interest- 
ing Theological Seminary at Princeton ! 

The extracts from the minutes of the general assembly, for the year 1300. in 
form us. that a measure somewhat of this kiud was thougty of, but unfortunately 
abandoned at that period —The paragraph referred to is under the head of 
" means by which necessary funds may he provided" A:e viz : — " It is not impos- 
sible nor perhaps improbable, that if experience should demonstrate the practica- 
bility and utility of the measures contemplated, the people, of t'>e presbvterian 
denomination, might generally be persuaded to make an anoual donation (say 



220 SKETCH OF 

In the year 1799, Mr. Clark was appointed by the 
general assembly, in connexion with several other ve- 
ry resectable gentlemen, to meet the General Synod of 
the Reformed Associate Churches, on the subject of their 

twenty-five cents* each) to render them more extensively effective, and this of it- 
self would go very far towards providing a fund, adequate to all the expenses con- 
templated."— A plan of this nature, to supply the defect here referred to, and to 
be subs'ituted either altogether, or in part, for the method now employed, devised 
with equity, introduced in a prudent conciliatory manner, recommended and en- 
forced only hy argument, persuasion and entreaty, b in appeal to the pious affec- 
tion, benevolence and zeal of the presb* terian church, would be a very great im- 
provement in our system of ecclesiastical finance That it would be extensively 
effective, even making the apportionment very low, appears unquestionable, when 
the extent of the church and the amount of her numbers, are taken into view. 
And that it would meet the approbation and acceptance of the churches, if judi- 
ciously managed, there is very little reason to doubt They who are disposed to 
contribute to the necessary calls of the church would not complain of this measure, 
because it would effectually prevent their being applied to, for more than their 
fair, and just proportion. They who possess a contrary disposition and who have 
manifested it by their practice, ought to be the last to find fault, having so long en- 
joyed an almost enire exemption from these reasonable and necessary burdens. 
The truth is, the sum required, would appear, to all, so inconsiderable — the rea- 
sonableness and necessity of the measure, 90 obvious — the good to be produced by 
this mean so incalculable— and the capacity to contribute, the mites required 
would be found in general so ample, th^t if proper explanations were to accompa- 
ny such a measure, in its first publication and proposal to the church, it could 
not fail to receive the approbation of the enlightened and liberal people, who 
compose the presb'terian body in tills country. 

We need a system of this kind at the present moment. Notwithstanding all 
the efforts that ave been made and the successes that have followed, without 
such a resort as this, it is difficult to see how the great and beneficent designs, 
now contemplated in the prcsb> terian church, can be speedily and completely 
attained. 

* This sum is so small, that probably, very few would be. found, to whom the pay- 
ment of it would be burdensome or disagreeable But it might be reduced still lower 
end, even then, it would be a productive resource, in no wise inconsistent with the sa. 
crcdness and dignity of the church. The Peter-pence-tax which consisted of one 
penny on each house, was continued for centuries on the continent of Europe and 
even in Great Britain, under some of the most illustrious sovereigns. See Mo- 
sheim , s Eechsiatiical History, Vol. ii. page 482. Nesbit, 151. 



JOSEPH CLARK, D.B. 221 

receiving and ratifying, the system of correspondence 
and intercourse, between the Associate, Dut li Reform- 
ed and Presbyterian Chi re es, in the United States, 
which had been prepared and reported by a joint com- 
mittee from these several sections of the chun h, and 
unanimously agreed to, by the last general assembly. 
In this business their efforts were unsuccessful : and the 
whole plan, so happily cab ulated to establish friendly 
intercourse and correspondence between these separate 
branches of the church, was frustrated. 

Mr. Clark's reputation as a most able and successful 
advocate, in the cause of charity, was now established. 
And divine Providence very soon presented, a new and 
irresistible call for Ids services, in this capacity. On the 
6th day of March 1802, the edifice, library, and philo- 
sophical apparatus of the college of New-Jersey, estab- 
lished at Princeton, were destroyed by fire. This was 
an alarming and desolating conflagration. The funds 
were in a state so entirely exhausted and the destruction 
of every thing but the walls of the college was so com- 
plete, that many doubted whether it could ever be re- 
covered from its ruined condition. But the trustees of 
the college immediately resolved to attempt its restora- 
tion. On the 18th of March, they issued their eloquent 
and pathetic address 'to the inhabitants of the United 
States,' on this interesting subject. Preparatory meas- 
ures were immediately taken, to obtain by solicitation, 
the funds requisite, for re-establishing the institution. 
Mr. Clark, the decided friend of literature, as well as of 
piety, at the request of the corporation of the college, 
agreed to perform a soliciting tour, to repair the losses 
which the college had sustained. In company with 
John Bryan, Esq. of Somerset county, an Irish gentle- 



222 SKETCH OF 

man of wealth, intelligence and enterprise, who was se- 
lected by the Board of Trustees to be his colleague in 
this journey, he set out from home, early in the ensuing 
autumn. After travelling together into the interior of 
Virginia, and meeting with pleasing encouragement in 
their business, to give wider compass to their efforts, 
they agreed to separate. Judge Bryan was to direct 
his course to the west and north, and to return to New- 
Jersey in the following spring. The movements and 
successes of this gentleman were, very soon after the sep- 
aration, terminated by death ; he being attacked by a 
fit of the bilious colic, a disease to which he was subject 
occasionally, which proved fatal. Mr. Clark, who was 
to have continued his journey in a direction inclining 
somewhat to the south, to the east, and to the northeast, 
and so to return home, when he came into the vicinity 
of the Chesapeake, was also taken sick. His disease, 
though not alarming, was tedious and afflicting; inas- 
much as it caused a painful suspension of his services, 
and rendered somewhat doubtful the ultimate success of 
his mission. Although he was prevented by this dispen- 
sation of divine Providence, from prosecuting his la- 
bours to the extent originally contemplated, yet his ser- 
vices were very important to the institution, and highly 
satisfactory to the Board of Trustees. 

About this period, Mr. Clark was elected a member 
of the corporation of Princeton college, in which sta- 
tion he continued to act, with distinguished fidelity and 
zeal, till the close of his life. 

In the year 11106, he was appointed a delegate from 
the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, to 
attend the General Association of the state of Connecti- 
cut. 



JOSEPH CLARK, D.D. ~'2'.l 

The system recommended by the General Assembly, 
and adopted by the Presbytery of New-Brunswick, for 
the charitable education of poor and pious youth, for 
the gospel ministry, he patronized and promoted with 
all possible diligence and earnestness. The difficulties 
he had encountered in his course preparatory to the 
mini-try, seemed to inspire him with increased zeal in 
forwarding this measure. By the appointment of pres- 
bytery, he acted for many years, as principal member of 
the committee of education, whose business it is, especi- 
ally to superintend the education of such candidates for 
the sacred office, as are dependent on presbyterial aid. 

Mr. Clark was honoured for many successive years, 
with being a member of the committee of missions, which 
acted by the appointment and under the direction of the 
General Assembly. In all the transactions of this com- 
mittee, he felt a deep interest, and took an active part. 

In the year 1309, when the preparatory measures 
were commenced for esiablishing the Bible Society of 
New-Jersey, Mr. Clark was foremost in zeal and dili- 
gence, among the founders of that excellent institution. 
In the course of this year, the degree of Doctor of Di- 
vinity was conferred upon him, by the Board of Trus- 
tees in Jefferson College, established at Cannonsburgh, 
in the state of Pennsylvania; a distinction due to his 
talents and merits. 

Dr. Clark was a warm and decided friend of the theo- 
logical seminary established at Princeton ; and had his 
life been prolonged to this day, no man would have re- 
joiced more than this zealous and active servant of God, 
in its prosperous course, in the advantages already ari- 
sing from it, and in its growing prospects of utility, to 
the church, and to the world. 



224 SKETCH OF 

Notwithstanding the feebleness of his health and the 
multiplicity of his engagements, Dr. Clark exhibited a 
rare instance of most undeviating punctuality and faith- 
fulness, in attending all the meetings of the judicatories 
of the church with which he stood connected. So very 
frequently was he a member of the General Assembly, 
that he became personally acquainted with all the prin- 
cipal characters in the church: he was himself well 
known, throughout the whole presbyterian body ; and 
he embraced in his mind, with extraordinary correct- 
ness, the whole course of business and manner of pro- 
cedure, in the General Assembly. Probably his influ- 
ence and usefulness proceeded, in no inconsiderable de- 
gree, from these circumstances. 

Thus, through the good providence of God, Dr. 
Clark rose from obscurity, by the force of his talents 
and industry, and became an important and leading 
member of the Presbyterian Church. He lived to the 
church and to his generation. Concerning most, if not 
all the great transactions thrt took place in the Pres- 
byterian Church, within the last twenty years of his life, 
he might justly have said, 

" Qureque ipeo vidi et magna pars fui " 

His life exhibited a scene of ardent desire and per- 
petual exertion to be useful. He was an able and faith- 
ful pastor. He visited his people much, and taught 
them from house to house. The state of his health of- 
ten prevented his attempting as much pastoral service, 
as his piety and zeal, in circumstances more favoured 
in this respect, would have prompted him to perform; 
His public discourses were uncommonly solid and judi- 



JOSEPH CLARK, D.D. 225 

cious ; comprising always a full proportion of pious, im- 
portant and interesting matter; delivered in a plain, 
solemn, dignified and affectionate manner. lie was 
thoroughly Calvinistic in all his opinions and represen- 
tations of Christian faith and doctrine. Practical infer- 
ence and application, composed a large and material 
part of all his pulpit performances. 

A sermon, delivered on the occasion of the death of 
the Hon. William Patterson, Esq. L.L. D. published in 
New-Brunswick, A. J). 1806, and two of his discourses, 
inserted in the New- Jersey Preacher, 1813, present hand- 
some and honourable specimens of his taste and accuracy 
as a writer. On ordinary occasions, on account of the de- 
bility of his breast and lungs, his elocution was slow and 
languid ; but there were times when he seemed to rise 
above the weakness of his nature, to be inspired with 
youthful vigour, and to display much of the spirit and 
energy of a great Christian orator. 

His talents in debate were remarkable, both to dis- 
cern and to defeat the arguments and aims of his adver- 
saries. He had promptness without arrogance in ad- 
vancing, and firmness without ostentation or obstinacy 
in maintaining his opinions. When he had inadvertent- 
ly deviated from fact or order, it seemed to give him 
pleasure, when reminded of it even by the most incon- 
siderable of his brethren, to make acknowledgment and 
reparation. The opinions and pleas of opponents in 
discussion, he treated with perfect civility and respect. 
On the introduction of a new subject, he did not employ 
the popular artifice sometimes resorted to by those who 
aim at triumph only in debate, of waiting in silence to 
discover the popular impulse, that he might the more 
certainly espouse the successful side of the question. 

29 



226 SKETCH OF 

On occasions of this kind, he was often one of the first 
speakers. And instead of betraying himself into the 
power of others, or laying himself open to critical or 
captions remarks, by want of previous thought, he gen- 
erally manifested that his mind was accomplished and 
prepared to speak at once, w ith propriety and effect, on 
almost every subject. 

In the details and minutiae of business, few men prob- 
ably have surpassed Dr. Clark. In giving thought in- 
stantaneously an eligible form on paper, for any speci- 
fied purpose, in matters of business ; in drawing an ar- 
ticle of agreement between hostile parties ; in sketching 
a minute, a report, a resolution, or any preliminary 
facts and circumstances, he manifested peculiar quick- 
ness and ability. He was patient, discerning, accurate 
qx\d indefatigable, far beyond what is usual even with 
men of his high character and standing. 

Dr. Clark possessed extraordinary colloquial powers, 
and a peculiar relish for cultivated society; and his ex- 
i tensive and various information, his easy address and 
facility of communication, rendered him an uncommon- 
ly instructive and agreeable companion. In his person 
and manners, he exhibited a due proportion of simplici- 
ty and neatness, dignity and familiarity, candour and af- 
fection. In all his walk through life, with the polite- 
ness and affability of the man of literature and the gen- 
tleman, he mingled that purity of conversation, and that 
savour of piety, which ought always to characterize 
and adorn a minister of Jesus Christ. Hospitality al- 
Wi ys enlarged his heart and presided at his board. He 
courted the society of the pious, intelligent and honour- 
able, of every denomination, of all ranks, and from eve- 
ry quarter. He possessed a peculiar faculty for adapt- 



JOSEPH CLARK, U.D. 22? 

ing his conversation and manners to all kinds of compa- 
ny, plain or polished, and for making persons of every 
description easy and comfortable in his presence and in 
his family. 

His attention to business, and his exertions to promote 
science, morals and religion, continued with great uni- 
formity, until his exemplary and useful life came to a 
close. This event took place late in the evening ol the 
third Tuesday in October, A. D. 1313, while the Sy.-.od 
of New- York and New -Jersey were attending their an- 
nual meeting. Although his constitution was very fee- 
ble at best, and his general state of health considerably 
reduced, his death was very sudden and unexpected. 
He appeared through the day and evening preceding his 
decease, to have been gradually recovering from some 
increase of indisposition, of which he had before com- 
plained, and had just retired to rest, under an expecta- 
tion of setting off early next morning to meet the Synod 
at New-York; when Mrs. Clark, whose attention was 
drawn that way by something unusual, on approaching 
the bed side, found him just expiring. Medical aid was 
called in with all possible speed, but it came too late to 
avail. The appointed time and circumstances of his 
dissolution had arrived. Violent spasms had stopped 
the motion of his vital powers. Instead of the contem- 
plated meeting with his brethren, in the Synod of New- 
York and New- Jersey, we trust he was delightfully sur- 
prised, by a call from his Master, "to the General As- 
sembly and Church of the first born in heaven." 



NOTE F. 

SKETCH OF REV. SAMUEL KENNEDY. 



Previous to the long and unhappy vacancy which pre- 
ceded Mr. Finley's settlement at Basking Ridge, that 
congregation was under the pastoral care of the Rev. 
Samuel Kennedy, a minister of the gospel highly distin- 
guished for learning, eloquence and piety. He was 
born in Scotland, A. D. 1 720; ard received his educa- 
tion in he University of Edinburgh. What circum- 
stances, under divine Providence, induced him thus ear- 
ly in life, and without a profession, to emigrate to this 
country, carno f now be satisfactorily determined. The 
minutes of the Presbytery of New-Brunswick, relating 
to Mr. Kennedy, establish the fact, that he engaged in 
study for this sacred office, by their advice. It is proba- 
ble they were led to this measure, by a discovery of 
some marks of piety and genius in him, promising use- 
fulness and eminence in the church. 

On the sixth of December, 1749, he was received un- 
der the care of the Presbytery of New-Brunswick, on 
trials for the sacred ministry. He was licensed to 
prea h the gospel, on the eighteenth of May, 1750. On 
the twenty-fifth of June, 1751, he was solemnly ordain- 
ed to the service of G<>d in his holy ministry, and at the 
same time installed pastor of the congregation of Basking 
Ridge. 



2oi) SKETCH OF 

His intellectual powers being naturally strong ; his ed- 
ucation thorough ; his piety sincere and fervent ; and his 
attention devoted to retirement and study, so far as was 
consistent with his active duties and ardent temperament : 
he accumulated knowledge rapidly, became profound 
in his profession, conciliated esteem and inspired re- 
spect among all ranks in society. And it is not surpri- 
sing, with such powers, attainments and dispositions, 
that he acquired extensive influence in the church, and 
rendered himself highly interesting and respectable,* 
in the pious circle, in the ecclesiastical judicatory, 
and in the sacred desk. 

Mr. Kennedy devoted a considerable proportion of 
his time, at one period, to the instruction and manage- 
ment of a Latin school established at Basking Ridge. 
Seminaries of this kind were not numerous at that time. 
His ability as a scholar, and his energy as a disciplinari- 
an, rendered this business both easy and pleasant to him. 
His school furnished many respectable students for the 
college of New-Jersey. And several gentlemen who 
received the elements of their education under his care, 
are still living in respectability and usefulness. 

The labours of Mr. Kennedy among the people of his 
charge, were very extensive and successful. Several 
glorious awakenings and revivals were experienced 
there in succession, producing abundant and precious 
in-gatherings of souls to Jesus, and additions to that 

* A. very distinguished clergyman, of the city of New York, while residing in 
the congregation of Laming! on, to which place he retired for a ehort time during 
the American revolution, became well acquainted with the Rev. Mr. Kennedy, 
and in conversation with an intelligent and pious lady, observed, " that he had 
before heard much of Mr. Kennedy's knowledge and excellence, but that he 
could say aa the Queen of Sheba did of Solomon, not half ivas told him." 



REV. SAMUEL KBNNEDT. 13 1 

church, of such as the fervent pastor hoped would he 
saved, and appear as seals of his ministry and crowns of 
his r jricing in the day of the Lord Jesus. 

Mr. Kennedy was a remarkably evangelic preacher. 
Tie made the doctrines of grace and salvation through 
Jesus the constant theme of his pulpit discourses, and ve- 
ry often too the subject of private and familiar conver- 
sation with friends and neighbours. In all his public 
transactions he appeared as the decided friend of vital 
piety ; and he was considered as one of the most evan- 
gelic men in the church. 

The Scotch and Irish clergy, in general, who were 
quite numerous in the presbyterian church from its es- 
tablishment in the United States, elevated by a con- 
sciousness of the superiority they derived from their reg- 
ular and scientific education in the universities of their 
native country, were inclined to place too high an esti- 
mate on talents and learning as qualification for the sa- 
cred ministry, and in proportion to undervalue and neg- 
lect experimental religion and personal piety. In ex- 
amining candidates for the holy office, they insisted 
more on academic learning, than upon practical godli- 
ness. The clerical emigrants from the southern part of 
Great Britain and those of New-England, differed dia- 
metrically and warmly from them in regard to these im- 
portant matters. Hence the whole presbyterian church 
became divided on this subject and others, of a similar 
nature, into two great parties. The former were de- 
nominated the old sidt — the latter the new side. The 
former entertained such sentiments and views respecting 
qualifications for the ministry as are here ascribed to 
them : — the latter ran into the opposite but less danger- 
ous extreme, that of setting a comparatively low value 



232 SKETCH OF 

on human science, while they insisted on the right and 
propriety of examining candidates for the holy ministry, 
in regard to personal piety, before receiving them on 
trials, and considered satisfactory evidence of a gra- 
cious change in them, indispensably necessary. This 
division had been long in existence. The opposed par- 
ties had been maturing and occasionally trying their 
strength and the contest progressing, many years before 
Mr. Kennedy reached his meridian. Although a small 
proportion of the Scotch and Irish, and not many of 
their descendants, appear to have deviated from the 
views of the old side party, and although Mr. Kennedy 
stood conspicuous among his countrymen in every hu- 
man accomplishment, the evangelic power of his piety 
and the judicious independence of his mind prompted 
him to espouse the new side and to enlist himself under 
the standard of pure vital piety, in opposition to his feel- 
ings of national attachment and to the prejudice against 
every thing American which was then so clearly per- 
ceived and sensibly felt. 

Mr. Kennedy was one of the eighteen* ministers who 
signed the celebrated letter to the archbishop of Canter- 
bury in behalf of the Rev. Mr. M'Clenachan, an episco- 
pal clergyman of the city of Philadelphia ; — the follow- 
ing amusing account of which transaction is extracted 
from Dr. Miller's interesting "memoirs" of the Rev. 
John Rodgers,D.D. published in New-York, 1813, page 
105— 106— viz:— 

* The other seventeen subscribers were— Gilbert Tenneut, William Ten- 
nent, Samuel Davies, John BUir, Charles Tennent. Moses Tuttle, Charles 
M'Knight, Benjamin Chesnut, William Ramsay, John Rodgers, James Finley, 
Abraham Keteltas, John Roan. Aibner Brush, John Moffat, Alexander Macwhor- 
ter, and Robert Smith. 



UEV. SAMUEL KENNEDY. 233 

lf In the year 1760, an event occurred, which made 
considerable noise in the ecclesiastical circles of America. 
There resided in Philadelphia at this time, the Rev. 
William M'Clenachan, an episcopal clergyman, whose 
preaching- was considered as more evangelical than 
that of the generality of his brethren of the same denom- 
ination. While this circumstance endeared him to a 
considerable number of the episcopalians of Philadel- 
phia, and rendered them earnestly desirous of retaining 
him as their minister ; it excited the opposition of a still 
greater number, and threatened to produce his exclu- 
sion from the episcopal church, in that city. During a 
meeting of the synod of New-York and Philadelphia in 
May, IT 60, the character, difficulties and prospects, of 
Mr. M'Clenachan, happening to be the topic of more 
general and more warm conversation than usual, a num- 
ber of the membersof thesynod were so deeply impressed 
with the excellence of his character, and the probable use- 
fulness of his ministry, and felt so much interested in his 
continuing to reside in Philadelphia, that they determined 
to attempt something in his behalf; and accordingly ad- 
dressed a letter to the archbishop of Canterbury, re- 
questing him to exert his official influence, in favouring 
Mr. M'Clenachan's wishes and those of his friends, that 
he might retain his place. 

" This indiscreet and undignified interference with the 
affairs of another denomination, was condemned by all 
impartial persons : and, indeed, the authors of the letter 
themselves had scarcely dispatched it, before they be- 
came sensible of the impropriety of their own conduct, 
and wished it recalled. The reception which it met 
with from the archbishop was such as might have been 
expected. No answer was returned : and the letter 

30 



234 SKETCH OF 

soon found its way into the public prints, accompanied 
with such comments as were natural, and not wholly un- 
merited. When the synod convened in Philadelphia, 
the next year, they found this unfortunate letter, fol- 
lowed with severe strictures, printed in the form of a 
pamphlet and circulating very generally among the citi- 
zens, under the title of ' The eighteen presbyterian min- 
isters.' And not unfrequently, when walking the 
streets, were their ears assailed by the shrill notes of the 
hawkers of small books and pamphlets, crying, 'eigh- 
teen presbyterian ministers for a groat.' These circum- 
stances afforded a subject for much merriment, and se- 
vere remark, not only on the part of Mr. M'Clenachan's 
episcopal opponents, but also on the part of those mem- 
bers of the synod who were still denominated old side 
men ; and who had declined having any thing to do 
with the letter to the archbishop !" 

Mr. Kennedy was rather above the ordinary size of 
men, somewhat corpulent and plethorick. His man- 
ners were very plain, retaining much of their native 
Scotch simplicity and sometimes approaching to blunt- 
ness. He was distinguished by an easy, copious and 
uniform flow cf thought and expression, on every sub- 
ject. His remarks, on all occasions, were pithy, judi- 
cious and appropriate. He was a very modest and un- 
assuming man. With the sacred duties of the ministry 
he united, for many years, the business of practising medi- 
cine in his own congregation. His skill and judgment in 
this profession were regarded as uncommonly sound and 
correct. It is believed that he derived from thisprofession 
the honourary appellation of doctor, with which he was 
distinguished generally in conversation and sometimes 
in records, many years before his decease. There is no 



RLV. SAMUEL KENNEDY. *23j 

evidence discoverable now that he received the degree 
of Doctor of Divinity, although this distinction was mer- 
ited by his talents, his piety and his zeal. 

The labours, of Mr. Kennedy, were terminated by 
death on the 31st day of August,' \787, which was the 
sixty-seventh year of his life and the thirty seventh of 
his ministry at Basking Ridge. 

Mr. Kennedy deserves to be considered as one of the 
pious and venerable fathers of the church, in the Uni- 
ted States, who contributed extensively by his prudent 
counsels and faithful labours, to the promotion of evan- 
gelic piety and to the establishment of our presbyterian 
form of government, and system of religious faith and 
practice. 



NOTE t>. 



SKETCH OF REV. JAMES CALDWELL, &c. 



Mr. Caldwell was ordained to the work of the holy 
ministry, in the latter part of the year 1T61 ; and, he 
was at the same time, installed pastor of the 1st presby- 
terian congregation in Elizabeth-Town, New-Jersey. 
His intellectual powers, which were of a superior order, 
his education which united religious strictness with lit- 
erary culture, and his native elevation of mind combin- 
ed their influence to create in him, early, a strong ten- 
dency to a virtuous, honourable and useful course of ac- 
tion. It pleased the Giver of every good gift, early to 
foster and sanctify these endowments, and to crown 
them with distin uished honour by directing them 
into the channel of his own sacred service, in the min- 
istry of the gospel. The qualifications with which Mr. 
Caldwell entered on this high vocation, were such as to 
adorn the sacred office, to promote the interests of the 
church and to benefit the souls of men. Of a sprightly 
temper, comely person, — graceful and engaging address 
— his voice clear and melodious — his mind well improv- 
ed by theological science, polite literature, and culti- 
vated society — his piety highly evangelica', a ive and 
fervent — he was one of the most pleas ng, eminent and 
useful preachers of his day. He was much beloved by 



238 SKETCH OF 

the people of his congregation and his memory is still 
dear to a number of them who are now living. He 
was zealous, laborious and faithful in discharging the 
duties of his sacred trust. He delighted in visiting the 
people of his charge, and was accustomed, to carry warm 
practical piety with him into the private apartment and 
the social circle.' In the small domestic assembly and 
in the ordinary intercourse of friendship, as well as in 
the congregation of God's people, he exhibited peculiar 
charms. Societies, and small meetings, for prayer were 
his delight. Accordingly, stated and occasional assem- 
blies for these purposes were numerous in his congre- 
gation. His ministry was pre-eminently prospered by 
the great Head of the church, in the year of our L( rd 
1772. A considerable effusion of the divine Spirit was 
then experienced in his congregation; and many were 
added to the church, some of whom are yet living wit- 
nesses, that this was truly a work of God. 

Mr. Caldwell's character soon became extensively 
known and highly appreciated, in the church. His su- 
perior capacity for extemporaneous speaking, his anima- 
ted, impressive and captivating eloquence in the puipit, 
and his fervent piety, rendered him uncommonly inter- 
esting to every audience, and excited for him, high es- 
teem, both at home and abroad. The character of his 
mind, and the nature of his improvements, qualified and 
designated him for eminent usefulness in various spheres 
of action and of duty ; and the circumstances of his coun- 
try, in the revolutionary contest with Great Britain, 
soon presented an opportunity for the splendid and suc- 
cessful exercise of all his versatile powers, and for the 
trial and illustration of all his Christian virtues. In- 
dependent, prompt and ardent, he espoused the cause of 



REV. JAMES CALDWELL. 239 

his country with decision and warmth ; and he p-irsued 
her interests with a degree of intrepidity and enterprise, 
of zeal and perseverance, which would have honoured 
a Christian patriot of any age. 

While the British occupied the city of New- York, the 
borough of Elizabeth and its vicinitj were peculiarly 
exposed to incursions from the foe. Hence the Ameri- 
cans, to whom the defence of that point was committed, 
were compelled to exercise peculiar vigilance and ac- 
tivity in all their movements. Mr. Caldwell, from his 
perfect know ledge of the people and the place, and 
from his sagacity, alertness and zeal, was remarkably 
calculated to give them efficient aid, in counsel and in 
action : and he rendered them his services on all occa- 
sions, in a manner corresponding with his known patri- 
otism and tried courage. 

The frequent alarms and occasional sufferings, that 
speedily resulted from the warfare, and the insecurity of 
property and of life, attendant upon a residence at Eli- 
zabeth-Town, induced Mr. Caldwell to move his family 
a short distance into the interior of the country. lie 
continued his pastoral labours with as much constancy 
and fidelity as the state of his congregation and his own 
peculiar circumstances would permit. Notwithstand- 
ing the continual guard that was kept, and the precau- 
tionary means that were employed, a party of refugees, 
under covert of night, January 25, 1780, destroyed 
his church by fire. 

Mr. Caldwell had for some time discharged, in a very 
acceptable manner, the duties of chaplain, in the Amer- 
ican army stationed near Morris-Town, and performed 
voluntarily many other important services, in aid of its 
operations. His zealous exertions to promote the cause 



240 SKETCH OF 

in defence of which his country was arrayed in arms 
against a powerful foe, his cheerful and affable disposi- 
tion, and his urbanity of manners, contributed to raise him 
high in the respect and confidence of the American offi- 
cers and soldiers. His popularity and influence in the 
army, were well known to the enemy, and rendered him 
particularly obnoxious to those traitors to their coun- 
try, who had abandoned its interests and joined the Bri- 
tish standard. The wanton and sacrilegious destruction 
of the church at Elizabeth-Town, was attributed princi- 
pally to this circumstance. 

Mr. Caldwell shared extensively in the hardships and 
hazards generally experienced ; and he was called in 
the -year 1780, to encounter a peculiarly afflicting ca- 
lamity, in the death of his excellent wife. This lady 
was the daughter of John Ogden, Esq. of Newark, New- 
Jersey. Her amiable disposition, her piety and her ex- 
emplary deportment, had obtained for her the very par- 
ticular respect and attachment of all who knew her. 
Her life had evinced that she was worthy of the sphere 
in which she had moved, and prepared for the event 
which now prematurely befel her. She was the mother 
of nine children, the eldest of whom was sixteen year^ 
old, and the youngest was an infant. Notwithstanding 
these circumstances, on several occasions, when alarms 
of the enemy's approach had been made, Mrs. Caldwell 
had been induced to retire from her residence at Con- 
necticut Farms, for greater security, higher up into the 
country. Having found these retreats very difficult and 
troublesome, and, for the most part causeless, she de- 
termined to cast herself in future on the clemency and 
magnanimity of the foe, and on the care of her cove- 
nant-keeping God. 



REV. JAMES CALDWELL. 211 

V 

On the sixth of June, 17150, General Knyphausen came 

over from Staten Island, with about five thousand men, 
and landed in the night, at Elizabeth-Town Point. Ve- 
ry early next morning they directed their march to- 
wards Springfield, through the settlement of Connecti- 
cut Farms. Although Mrs. Caldwell was apprised of 
their approach in season to escape, her mind was made 
up on this subject, and she resolved, in humble reliance 
on Divine Providence, to remain at home. When the 
enemy were entering the village, Mrs. Caldwell with- 
drew from the apartment she usually occupied, into a 
more retired room, for the purpose of devotion as well 
as security, with her infant in her arms. The maid, 
who had accompanied her to this secluded apartment, 
and had charge of the other small children, on looking 
out of a window into the back yard, observed to Mrs. 
Caldwell, that " a red coat soldier had jumped over the 
fence and was coming up to the window, with a gun." 
Her youngest son, nearly two years old, playing upon 
the floor, on hearing what the maid said, called out, 
"let me see — let me see !" and ran that way. Mrs. 
Caldwell rose from sitting on a bed very near ; and at 
this moment the soldier fired his musket at her through 
the window. It was loaded with two balls, which both 
passed through her body. The surrounding building- 
and the house in which this deed was perpetrated were 
soon after set on fire. It was with difficulty that the 
dead body of Mrs. Caldwell could be preserved from 
the general des ruction that ensued. After it had lain 
some time exposed in the open street and in the hot 
sun, liberty was obtained to place her remains in a small 
dwelling house, on the opposite side of the road, Which 
had survived the conflagration. , / 

31 



242 SKETCH OF 

The following night Mr. Caldwell spent at a place 
called Short Hi' Is, not far from Springfield. He retired 
to rest in the evening in a state of excessive anxiety re- 
specting the fate of his wife and children. The parti- 
tions of the house consisted of boards not very closely 
joined. In his sleepless state he overheard two men, 
lodging in an adjoining room, talking on the sub- 
ject of the death of Mrs. Caldwell. He rose quickly and 
entered their room in great agitation, and inquired what 
they had heard on that subject. They represented it as 
only a rumour, and probably a mistake, and persuaded 
him to return to his bed. The remainder of the night was 
to him a season of most painful suspense and anxiety. In 
the morning Mr. Caldwell procured a. flag, and proceed- 
ed with all possible speed to Connecticut Farms, to visit 
his family and ascertain their state. While yet at some 
distance, he discovered that the church and village were 
in ruins, and that the enemy had returned to Staten 
Island: and very soon, he learned the truth of the af- 
flicting rumour before received, that Mrs. Caldwell was 
no more. Her friends were assembled ; and the funeral 
service was performed, with as much solemnity and or- 
der as the desolation and alarm universally prevalent 
would permit. 

Whiie this event was deeply afflicting to Mr. Caldwell 
and his numerous friends, it made a strong impression on 
the public mind. The following account of this trans- 
action, i« extracted from Marshall's Life of Washing- 
ton,* and is introduced to show the views of this distin- 
guished revolutionary patriot and American historian, 
as well as of the public in general, in relation to the 
events we are here recording : — 

* See vol. 4, page 225. 



KEV. JAMES CAtt>WCLL. 243 

••* At the Connecticut Farms, a flourishing settlement 
which took its name from the country of those by whom 
it had been planted, and which had been distinguished 
for its zeal in the American cause, a halt was made. In 
a spirit of revenge, unworthy the general of an army, 
which was in the character of Tryon, who was present, 
rather than of Knyphatiseh who commanded ; which serv- 
ed more to injure than advance the interests of those in 
whose cause he was engaged ; and which tended more 
to irritate than intimidate : this settlement including the 
meeting house and the house of the cletggman belonging 
to the village, was reduced to ashes." 

The author here quoted then adds in a note : — " This 
circumstance would scarcely have deserved notice, had 
it not been accompanied by one of those melancholy 
events, which even war does not authorize and which 
the civilized world condemns, and which made at the 
time a oery deep impression. 

" Mrs. Caldwell the wife of the clergyman, who has 
been mentioned, had been induced to remain in her 
house, under the persuasion that her presence might 
■-erve to protect it from pillage, and that her person 
could not possibly be endangered, as in the hope of pre- 
serving the firms, Col. Dayton, who at that time 
commanded the militia, determined not to halt in the set- 
tlement, but to take post at a narrow pass on the road 
leading to Springfield. While she was sitting in the 
midst of her children, having- a sucking infant in her arms, 
a soldier came up to the window and discharged his 
musket at her. She received the ball in her bosom and 
instantly expired. 

" Ashamed of an acf so universally execrated, it was 
contended by the Britis.-, that this lady was the victim 



244 SKETCH OF 

of a random shot, and even that the fatal ball had pro- 
ceeded from the militia: in proof of which last asser- 
tion, they insisted that the bali had entered on that side 
of the house which looked towards the retreating \mer- 
icans. But it was notorious that the militia made no 
stand at the Farms, and a pathetic representation of the 
fact made to the public by the afflicted husband, receiv- 
ed universal credence and excited universal indignation. 
The death of Mrs. Caldwell might indeed be considered 
as the act of a single soldier, and therefore not of itself 
involving the reputation of the army ; but when with it 
was connected, the wanton and useless devastation com- 
mitted by authority, these act-, formed one connected 
whole in the public mind, and served still more to con- 
firm the settled hate of the well affected, against the 
British government." 

In this season of public alarm, private suffering, and 
universal confusion, Mr. Caldwell, after putting his do- 
mestic affairs in the most favourable situation practica- 
ble under existing circumstances, returned to his impor- 
tant avocations. His activity and zeal in the discharge 
of his various duties were not diminished, and the indig- 
nation and abhorrence of the public, were greatly in- 
creased by this recent outrage of violence and rapacity. 

In less than eighteen months after the tragic act which 
deprived Mr. Caldwell of his inestimable wife, he was 
himself brought to an untimely grave by a similar deed 
of horror, which appeared to be instigated by the most 
savage, malevolence, and was perpetrated by the hand 
of a ruffian traitor to his country, who attempted to shel- 
ter himself under the protection of a British flag of truce. 

This event took place on the 24th of November 1781. 
The following account of the circumstances is extracted 



REV. JAMES CALDWELL. '1\'.) 

from the "New-Jersey Gazette," a respectable paper 
printed at the period here referred to, and obligingly 
furnished to the writer by the Hon. Joseph Bloomfield, 
dated Wednesday, December 12, 1T8.1. 

" Mr. Caldwell having been informed that -\ young la- 
dy had arrived at Elizabeth-Tow n Poii t, in a flag of truce 
from New -York, who had permission to come w ithin our 
lines and who is the daughter of a lady who has distin- 
guished herself by her great humanity, tenderness and 
generosity to the American prisoners in New-York, and 
considering himself bound by his duty as a citizen to 
render every possible service to the family of so worthy 
a character, went down to the Point, with an intention 
of waiting on the lady up to town : when he arrived 
there, the officer then commanding the post at Eliza- 
beth-Town, being on board the flag sloop, asked him 
whether he would go on board. — He then stepped on 
board the sloop and was informed that the young lady 
had already gone to the town. Being about to return, 
a person in the sloop- asked him whether he would take 
a small parcel tied up in a handkerchief. Mr. Caldwell 
consented to take it, went on shore, put the bundle into 
a chair-box and was driving off, when a soldier stepped 
up to him and said " I must search your chair to see 
whether you have any seizable goods in that bundle." 
Mr. Caldwell, then seeing it would be imprudent to run 
any further risk, asked the officer whether he would 
suffer him to return the bundle to the sloop. To this 
request the soldier readily agreeing, Mr. Caldwell took 
the bundle out of the chair-box and was stepping on 
board of the sloop to return it, when the murderer as ho 
was on the quarter-deck and within about ten yards of 
him, said damn ?/ou, stop. Mr. Caldwell instantly stop- 



"2-16 SKETCH OF 

pedand immediately on his stopping-, the soldier present- 
ed his musket and shot him : — he tell down and instant- 
ly expired without a groan. His funeral was attended 
the Tuesday following by a large concourse of people, 
when a funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. Dr. 
M'Whorter, from Ecclesiastes viii. and 8th. 

" Mr. Caldwell was a man of very superior talents, 
whether considered as a preacher, a statesman, or a citi- 
zen. He was one of the first who embarked in the cause 
of his country, in which he has ever discovered a mind 
incapable of being intoxicated with partial successes, or 
meanly depressed by the clouds of adversity. His zeal, 
activity and unshaken integrity under every circum- 
stance of the present revolution, are deeply imprinted 
on the minds of his countrymen. As a preacher of the 
gospel he was excelled by very lew of the present age: 
his oratory was natural and pleasing and exceedingly 
persuasive. He was a diligent and faithful minister of 
Jesus Christ, to which the reformed lives and conversa- 
tions of a large part of his numerous congregation bear 
an unequivocal testimony. 

"He has left a most destitute and helpless family, con- 
sisting of nine children, the eldest about seventeen years 
of age, and the youngest not exceeding two, to experi- 
ence the humanity and benevolence of those tender and 
sympathetic minds, who are not above the feelings of 
another's woe. Though Mr. Caldwell has been almost 
constantly engaged in public departments since the pres- 
ent war, which have been the source of riches and afflu- 
ence to many others, yet such was his uprightness and 
love of his country, that his rising family, are now left 
to deplore the want of a bare subsistence, but from the 
generosity of those who knew their father's virtues. 



REV. JAMES CALDWELL. 247 

We may justly conclude with lamenting our country's 
loss, a loss to mankind — to human nature." 

The utmost consternation and horror seized all who 
were present, at the sudden and tragical death of Mr. 
Caldwell. The perpetrator of the shocking deed, was 
for some time forgotten. Mr. Caldwell's body, lifeless 
and drenched in blood, was taken up and carried to a 
public house not fur distant. After the tumult at first 
excited, had in some measure subsided, means were 
employed to secure the murderer, whose name was 
Morgan. He was pursued, speedily overtaken, and 
committed to prison. In the course of his trial after- 
wards, it became manifest that the murder was premedi- 
tated, and produced in part probably by something more 
than individual enmity. Morgan was condemned to 
death ; and at the time of his execution, he manifested 
an awfully corrupt and obdurate heart. On being in- 
formed, when led out to be executed, that his time was 
come, and that if he had any thing to say, he must say 
it quickly ; he replied, " You will all soon come to this. 
Here, give this blanket," presenting it to the execution- 
er, "to my wife. Now do your duty, and don't keep 
me here suffering in the cold." 

The remains of Mr. and Mrs. Caldwell were deposit- 
ed in the presbyterian church yard, at Elizabeth-Town ; 
and on the marble slab which covers them, is the fol- 
lowing honourable inscription: — 

" Sacred to the memory of the Rev. James Caldwell 
and Hannah his wife, who fell victims to their country's 
cause, in the years 1730 and 1781. 

" He was the zealous and faithful Pastor of the Pres- 
byterian Congregation in this town, where, by his evan- 
gelical labours in the gospel vineyard, and his early 



248 SKETCH Of 

attachment to the civil liberties of his country, he has 
left on the hearts of his people a better monument than 
brass or marble. 

" Stop, Passenger ! 

" Here also lie the remains of a woman, who exhibit- 
ed to the world a bright constellation of the female vir- 
tues. On that memorable day, never to be forgotten, 
when. a British foe invaded this fair village, and fired 
even the temple of the Deity, this peaceful daughter of 
heaven, retired to her hallowed apartment, imploring 
Heaven for the pardon of her enemies. In that sacred 
retreat she was by the bloody hand of a British ruffian 
dispatched, like her divine Redeemer, through a path 
of blood, to her long wished for native skies." 

By the untimely and lamentable death of Mr. Cald- 
well and his wife, their numerous and interesting chil- 
dren were cast upon the affection of their friends and 
upon the providence of God. The condition of the 
country, the agitated state of public affairs, rendered 
their loss incomparably greater, and the care of them 
proportionally more difficult. In Mr. Caldwell's zeal 
for the public welfare he had neglected his private inter- 
ests. His property in a great measure, as well as his 
life, he had sacrificed to the good of his country. Nev- 
er was public sympathy manifested towards a bereaved 
and afflicted household, more strikingly and affect ing I y 
than on this oi c ision. The tidings of Mr. Caldwell's 
death, and the mournful tale of his children's orphanage 
and helplessness, pervaded the whole land, inspiring 
deep sorrow and tender concern in every bosom. In 
the central regions of the country more especially, this 
subject shed a gloom over every social company, and 
was long the melancholy theme of common conversa- 



BET. JAMBA CALDWELL. 2^'.) 

tion. The Heavenly Father mingled his counsels and 
his care with the sensibilities of the surrounding coun- 
try and with the weeping anxieties of friends and Kin- 
dred. His wisdom and goodness were peculiarly mani- 
fested towards this interesting group of orphans, in rais- 
ing up for them affectionate and judicious friends, dis- 
posed to train them with parental fondness and fidel- 
ity, to knowledge and piety, honour and usefulness. 
Among their principal benefactors may be enumerated 
the lion. Elias Boudinot, L. L. D. the Marquis de La 
Fayette and General Lincoln. General Washington, 
the illustrious father of his country, transferred his re- 
gard and kindness for his martyred friend, Mr. Cald- 
well, to his fatherless children. The Father of the fa- 
therless, by his merciful interposition and care, remark- 
ably fulfilled to those bereaved children the words of 
his promise, by the mouth of his servant David, " "When 
my father and my mother forsake me, then the Lord 
shall take me up." That distinguished friend of human- 
ity, who stands as the first of the earthly benefactors of 
this afflicted family, was the principal instrument em- 
ployed in divine providence, to accomplish this desira- 
ble and happy purpose. Dr. Boudinot voluntarily as- 
sumed the care of these children, and discharged the 
important trust with a parental faithfulness and constan- 
cy. Divine wisdom seemed to direct his ways, and the 
divine blessing to rest upon his measures. With his ju- 
dicious management, and under the care of the great 
heavenly Parent, their lives were preserved, their minds 
were well improved, their patrimony was yearly ex- 
tending, and their prospects brightening before them. 
Nor have the hopes which soon began to be cherished, 
and the pleasing anticipations which were formed re- 

32 



250 SKETCH OF 

specting their ultimate success in life proved delusive- 
God remembered his promise; he regarded the faith 
and the prayers of his servant and handmaid. The 
counsel and the care of anxious and devoted friends, of- 
ten prove weak and inefficient in the government and 
disposal of children. And how often do the prospects 
of fortune and the possession of wealth and splendour, 
become injurious or destructive! But the Lord God is 
a friend, a helper and a solace indeed, to all who cast 
their care upon him ; for he caret h for them. 



NOTK H. 



A VIEW OF REVIVALS. 



The moral government of God, is in itself stupendous 
and unsearchable. The glorious Monarch of this great 
invisible system, performs all things according to his eter- 
nal counsel and sovereign pleasure. The purchase and 
establishment of a church upon earth, the calling and 
sanctification of those predestinated to be the sons of 
God, and the dispensation of grace to a lost world, 
through the mediation of Jesus Christ, are exalted and 
mysterious subjects, which inspire in the believer's 
heart, mingled emotions of anxiety and hope. These 
mysteries, inscrutable to mortals, God has mercifully- 
deigned, in some measure, to develop. The grand and 
interesting outlines of his kingdom, its end, its laws, its 
oilicers, its subjects, its rewards and penalties, and the 
means of promoting it, he has portrayed in his blessed 
word. So that when the church, either in reviewing 
the past, with triumph exclaims, " Now is come salva- 
tion and strength and the kingdom of our God:"* or, 
contemplating the future, in obedience to her Lord, sup- 
plicates, " Thy kingdom come;" she recognizes with 
confidence the whole instrumental system, by which the 
spiritual kingdom of God, the dominion of grace in the 

* Rev. x. 12. 



252 A VIEW OF 

heart, is advanced; she assigns to human agency, au- 
thorized and employed by the King of Zion in this great 
work, the influence and the respect it deserves: but she 
bestows her highest praises and benedictions upon that 
spiritual Divine Agent, sent from above, who "quick- 
ens whom he will;" from whose almighty co-operation 
exclusively, all subordinate means derive their efficacy. 
For " it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that run- 
neth, but of God that showeth mercy."* 

The infinite God, in conducting his gracious and tri- 
umphant march through this world, has proceeded with 
an unsteady progress. The interests of his church are 
advanced, sometimes, in so silent, gradual and hidden a 
manner, by the invisible influences of the Holy Spirit 
upon (he hearts of men, that it may be said indeed, " The 
kingdom of God cometh not with observation. "f This 
is the method in which God usually promotes his own 
cause. When he proceeds in this way, the operations 
of his Spirit, and the progress of divine truth, are deep 
and radical, but tranquil and unseen : the heart is im- 
pressed and changed, but externally all remains calm 
and uniform: inquirers for salvation are guided by the 
Spirit to Jesus Christ, free from those strong excitements 
and violent emotions, which produce visible agitation : 
and believers are enabled to walk " in the fear of the 
Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Ghost." To this 
state of the church, may be applied such expressions of 
the inspired writers as these ; "day of small things,"J 
and "still small voice. "§ 

There are seasons, however, when God is pleased to 
depart from his usual method of carrying on his sacred 

* Rom. \x. 16. f Lute xvji. 20. \ Zee, iv. 10. 5 1 Kings six. ?2. 



REVIVALS. 2.W 

work : when he renders ordinary means more than usu- 
ally powerful and effectual, in rousing human attention 
to divine things: when the Holy Spirit aets upon the 
hearts of sinners with increased energy, convincing them 
of sin, of righteousness and of judgment to come: when 
sudden, powerful and extensive awakenings take place 
in assemblies and communities: when, perhaps, from a 
combination of causes, deep excitements are produced 
in a considerable number of persons at the same time, 
whose hearts are painfully agitated by strong conflicting 
passions, and whose countenances and external appear- 
ances exhibit affecting evidence of internal tumult 
and alarm. These seasons in the church, have been 
denominated variously : by some, a day of divine pow- 
er;* an out-pouring of the Spin'/ :f by others, a time of 
refresh i tig, J and a revival. 

This last mode of expression, as well as those prece- 
ding, has its foundation in several passages of God's Ho- 
ly Word; and it has become more prevalent in popular 
use than any other. The term revival, is drawn directly 
from the Sacred Scriptures, and by recurring to them, 
its just import may be easily ascertained. In the Sacred 
Writings it possesses two meanings. 

I. To bring to life that which is in a dead or lifeless 
state. 

The most clear instance of its application according 
to this signification, is contained in Rosea, chapter vi. 
verse 2. — "After two days will he revive us." The 

' In reference to Psalm ca. 3. 

f In reference to Isa. xliv, 3. Joel ii U.'l. Zee. -ii. 1.0. 

j Deriving this appellation from A.e1 iii, ]'■ 



2£4 A VIEW OF 

meaning of the original word is, vivificabit nos, i. e. 
" will revive us."* On this passage, the pious and ju- 
dicious Scott observes, " that the nation of Israel, was 
as it were dead," in their seventy years captivity, "but 
after two days, that is, on the third day, the Lord would 
revive them, and they would live in his sight, as his peo- 
ple, upon their return from the Babylonish captivity, af- 
ter the appointed time of its continuance. The lan- 
guage is generally supposed to be prophetic of the res- 
urrection of Christ on the third day, with whom as her 
surety the whole church, virtually, arose from the dead, 
to live unto God : wilh him the hopes of all believers 
revived: his power as risen quickens their souls, when 
dead in sin : and his resurrection was the earnest of the 
resurrection of their bodies unto everlasting life." 

2. To preserve and invigorate the principle of life 
already existing — to quicken and vivify the principle of 
grace, or spiritual life, in the believer's heart — the se- 
cond sense of the term revive, is very common in the Di- 
vine Word. Such is its undisputed meaning, where it 
is employed by Kzra, ix. 9. — " Our God hath not forsa- 
ken us in our bondage, but hath extended mercy unto 
us in the sight of the kings of Persia, to give us a, reviv- 
ing, to set up the house of our God, and to repair its des- 
olations." The same signification is uniformly attrib- 
uted to this word, where it is so devoutly used by the 
Psalmist: "Wilt thou not revive us again?" lxxxv. 6. 

* This passage is explained thus, by Vatablus, a learned commentator : "Per 
Christum restituet vitam nobis, qui mortui eramus, per peccatum " Castalio, 
Drusius, Clarius and Grotius, all coincide with Vatablus in his translation and 
comment. Vide annolata, ad Oseen, Vatabli, etc. Critici Sacri. For an ac- 

countof this rare and valuable work, see preface to Dr. Adam Clarke's Commen- 
tary. 



REVIVALS. 

"Quicken us, and we will call upon thy name :" Ixxx. 
18. "Though I walk in the midst of troubles, thou 
wilt revive me:"* exxxviii. 7. The following passage 
is beautifully illustrative of the point before us : " Thus 
saith the High and lofty one, T dwell with him also 
that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the 
spirit of the humble, and to revive\ the heart of the con- 
trite ones."J That the prophet here refers to the sin- 
cere and faithful servants of God, no one will contro- 
vert. The petition of Habakkuk, " Lord, revive^ thy 
work in the midst of the years," iii. 2, requires a similar 
translation. 

That, therefore, is a revival, in the true scriptural 
sense of this term, in which God is pleased to impart to 
his church, or to any number of his people, however lo- 
cally situated, greater than ordinary degrees of gracious 
influence, stronger excitements of his Holy Spirit than 
usual; by which the children of God are animated and 

* The same learned HMical expositor before referred to, gives the sense of 
revire'm this passage, as tollow«: '• Vivificabis me, vel. seivabis me incolumeni." 
Thou wilt quicken, vivi'v me, or preserve me safe Drusius agrees with Vata- 
blus, and renders the same in Greek, " Perisooseis me ;" in Latin, " Servabis 
me." Crit. Sac. in loc. 

f Forerius gives the substance of this text, in the following plain theological 
Latin of the seventeenth century. Crit Sac in hoc loco. " Sensus est, illc, qui 
cuui sit excelMis, et supra omnia, et aeiernns, et cojus nomen est sanctum, et, juxta 
naturam suam, excelsum, quoque locum inhabitat et sanctum, ille, inquam, qui 
cum ' alis sit, cum contrito tamen, seu contuso, et qui est humilis spiritu, cohabitat, 
ut ejus cor et spiritum vivificet, recreet, et consoletur." 

\ Iiaiah lvii 15. 

$ In the margin of some Bibles, this is judiciously expressed by the words gr*- 
arvt alive. 



*256 A VIEW OF 

comforted in their pious duty, experience an increase of 
interest, zeal and stability in the service and hope of the 
gospel, feel their pious affections gently moved and 
drawn out towards God, and their whole disposition and 
frame of mind rendered more spiritual, devout and hea- 
venly. The soul in which these operations take place, 
experiences "a time of refreshing from the presence of 
the Lord :"* and that church, or company of Christians, 
who feel these gentle movements of the Holy Spirit, 
producing such blessed fruits, enjoys a season of revival 
in religion, whatever may be the state of moral feeling 
and conduct around them in the world. Numerous and 
precious are the visits of this kind, which the children 
and churches of God receive from the blessed Saviour 
and his Holy Spirit. Indeed without them, every pious 
grace must dwindle and die. What is the spiritual life 
of believers on earth, but a series of declensions and re- 
vivals, through all its progress ? " Awake, O north 
wind, and come thou south : blow upon my garden, 
that the spices thereof may flow out. Let my beloved 
come into his garden and eat his pleasant fruits" ! ! Can- 
ticles iv. 16. 

Instances sometimes occur, in which many sinners are 
deeply impressed with a solemn concern, and in due 
season "added to the Lord," while professors of reli- 
gion experience no uncommon quickening from above. 
The Christian body is not revived, but enlarged by ad- 
ditions from the world. This is a day of divine power 
among the dry bones of the valley, an out-pouring of the 
Spirit of God. 

Sometimes again, the Lord is pleased to animate and 
comfort his children in a peculiarly strong and happy 

* Acts iii 10. 



REVIVALS 2.5? 

manner ; so that their graces are enlivened, their 7a al is 
excited, their prospects brightened, and their joy and 
peace greatly increased, A\hilethe whole work is un- 
seen and unobserved by the world ; — sinners remain on 
every side impenitent and unmoved as before, and the 
church receives from anion-- them no greater acees- 
sions than usual. This is peculiarly and emphatic ally a 
time of refreshing — aranoa/, from the Divine Pr jsence : 
— the principle of grace, the spiritual life, already ex- 
isting in the believer's heart receives an animating im- 
pulse, and is invigorated by the Holy Spirit. Such 
revivals often lead to awakenings among the unregene- 
rate. Christians are thus excited to a more diligent at- 
tendance upon the means of grace — they become mere 
earnest and faithful in endeavouring to awaken the 
zeal of one another and to subdue the insensibility of the 
careless — they are brought to exercise greater importu- 
nity and perseverance in public and in secret prayer — 
and God, who will be inquired of by the house of Isra- 
el, after having excited his children to fervent supplica- 
tion, answers their prayers, in copious effusions of his 
Spirit upon thoughtless and perishing sinners. 

The application of the term revival to those cases ex- 
clusively in which there is exhibited great excitement of 
feeling and terror, deep conviction and alarm, among 
those formerly thoughtless and impenitent, manifests a 
want of precise and accurate attention to the origin and 
meaning of the word : — it is a use of it which does not 
comport with its scriptural signification, nor with just 
and liberal views of the subject. 

It is of importance to form just and comprehensive 
ideas of the divine dispensations. We would admire and 
adore all the gracious dealings of God with his church 



238 A VI KW Oh" 

— we would rejoice in the reviving- and refreshing sea- 
sons with which he has visited, and is still animating, his 
children — we desire to view with gratitude and encour- 
agement the sovereignty and grace of God as displayed 
in the numerous awakenings and in-gatherings of sinners 
which have been experienced in all ages of the church 
and in recent years. But, at the same time, we feel con- 
strained to remark, that some individuals in consequence 
of their great zeal on the subject of what they denomi- 
nate revivals, do not appear justly to estimate the nu- 
merous undesireable circumstances with which sudden 
and extensive religious excitements have sometimes been 
followed and are liable to be attended. 

A sentiment, connected with this subject, very unjust 
in itself and wounding to Christian sensibility, cannot be 
passed without notice. It consists in undervaluing and 
dishonouring the ministry of those Christian pastors, 
whose labours are not crowned with revivals in the pop- 
ular, but crro7ieous acceptation of that term. The work 
of the Lord proceeds in their hands, in a steady and uni- 
form course of improvement : — the flocks, to which they 
minister, grow in grace and in the knowledge of the 
Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ : — the number of profes- 
sors receives a regular and pleasing increase : the 
church under their care is built up in faith, knowledge 
and purity. But, they have no revivals, according to 
the mistaken application of this word. The Lord may 
descend by his Spirit and refresh his children : — he may 
arrest and bring home to Christ in the ordinary way, a 
few lost souls out of the multitudes ready to perish : — 
the feeble believer may be strengthened, the trembling 
find relief, the tempted deliverance, the mourning com- 
fort, the timid courage, the sluggish and inactive obtain 



REVIVALS 209 

quickening and life : but, we are told, it is no revival 
unless " a great and strong wind rend the mountains and 
break in pieces the rocks before the Lord,"* unless 
there are experienced times of powerful conviction and 
alarm among sinners : — and if these are not felt, the pas- 
tors are cumberers of the ground, lukewarm and unproduc- 
tive labourers in the Lord's vineyard. Does not the 
following passage give a very different view — "Now 
saith the Lord that formed me from the womb to be his 
servant, to bring Jacob again to him, though Israel be 
not gathered yet shall I be glorious in the eyes of the 
Lord."f What estimate would the persons, here refer- 
red to, form of the preaching of Noah — of Isaiah — of 
Jeremiah — of Ezekiel — and, even of the ministry of Je- 
sus Christ himself? — It is God's ordinary method to 
build up his church and to accomplish great moral chan- 
ges, "by little and little," and the benefits of the Chris- 
tian ministry, under the "still small voice" and gentle 
influence of the Spirit, cannot be too highly appreciated. 
The church in such circumstances often exhibits much 
of the fruits of the Spirit, knowledge, order, moderation, 
prudence, peace and joy, and "a patient continuance in 
well doing" to the praise of God's glorious grace. 
The additions and advantages, in general, which the 
church has been continually receiving in this gradual 
manner, through past ages, from the divine blessing on 
the sacred ministry, inconceivably transcend the utmost 
benefits it has ever experienced, from occasional out- 
pourings, of the divine Spirit and powerful awakening? 
which have been witnessed, and which are by some re- 

* 1. King', xix. II. ' i-:ii xlix. J. 



260 



A VIEW OF 



presented as almost the only legitimate and acceptable 
method of building up the church. 

.Another error connected *.v ith this subject, and com- 
mitted by those, who talk of going about to mak revivals, 
implies such entire ignorance of the true nature of a gen- 
uine work of grace on the heart of man and manifests 
such presumptuous and criminal confidence in external 
means ar>d in the arm of flesh, that it deserves no indul- 
gence, nay it merits the decided condemnation and re- 
buke of every triend of true religion. It essays to sub- 
stitute the feeble and inefficacious efforts of a worm, in 
the place of the sovereign and infinite grace of the Most 
High, and it would se^m to consider every partial ex- 
citement of temporary religious conce n, the transient 
effect on the feelings and passions, which human exer- 
tions can produce, as a rational, solemn and divine im- 
pression of the Spirit of God — ideas, directly opposed to 
the plan of salvation, by grace, and hostile to the whole 
system of gospel truth. 

The dispensations of God, towards his church, in past 
ages, furnish many pleasing and animating instances, in 
which he has advanced his kingdom in both of the meth- 
ods here contemplated by granting to his people reviv- 
ing influences and by visiting sinners with a day of pow- 
er and mercy. A few of these interesting transactions 
in the church, with a view to illustrate somewhat the 
subject before us, Ave shall briefly glance at, without at- 
tempting in ever3 r instance to decide the particular 
character of each dispensation briefly described. 

The first intimation of a revival of religion, to be 
found in the history of the church, is presented to us 
by Moses, in the following words: " Then began men 



REyiVALS. ittl 

to call on the name of the Lord."* Passing by the 
speculations and controversies of the learned and ingen- 
ious respecting this passage, we remark, that it furnishes 
unquestionable evidence of a great increase of order, 
zeal and devotion in the worship of God, among the 
pious family of Seth. The quickening power of the 
Holy Spirit, must have been experienced in an extraor- 
dinary degree, producing something new and striking 
in the religious character and conduct of men, especial- 
ly in regard to the duty of prayer, or " calling upon 
God," to merit so marked and honourable a notice in 
the concise history of Moses. We have no intimation 
that any were added to the church, or that any now for 
the first engaged in the duty of prayer. Pious men 
must, before this, have been accustomed to make known 
their wants by prayer to God, and the number of such 
may have been increased at this time ; but it is certain 
that the spirit of prayer, praise and devotion, was then 
cherished and exercised in a degree far exceeding any 
thing before experienced among men, which must have 
proceeded from the quickening power of God's Spirit, 
sent down from heaven. f 

The Divine Record teaches us to believe that the Fa- 
ther of mercies visited, with his peculiar influence, that 
portion of the Israelites in the wilderness, who were in 
the morning of life. The Lord God, provoked by the 
unbelief and disobedience of those who came out of 
Egypt in mature age, had sworn that they should not. 

* Gen. iv. 26. 

t See Edwards' History Redemption, Gvo. SG ; also Stackhouse's History oi" 
the Bible, 8vo. vol. 1, 146, &c. 



262 a view or 

enter into his promised xest. Buc 'he generation under 
twenty years old, and those born in the wilderness, he 
addresses with extreme kindness and affection : " But 
your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, them 
willl bring in, and they shall know the land which ye 
have despised."* The Lord describes this generation 
as a pious, obedient and beloved people : " I remember 
thee, the kindness of thy youth, the love of thine espous- 
als, when thou wentest after me in the wilderness. Is- 
rael was holiness to the Lord, and the first fruits of his 
increase. "f God speaLs of his tender and endearing 
intercourse with this generation, by the prophet Hosea, 
xiii. 5: "I did know thee in the wilderness, in the 
land of great drought." Joshua ssys unto them, xxiii, 
3, " Cleave unto the Lord your God, as ye have done 
unto this day." Their piety and zeal were proved and 
manifested, at the time of Achan's sin ; when the two 
tribes and a half were suspected of haviog built an altar 
in opposition to that of the true God ; in removing the 
reproach from Israel, by observing the rite of circum- 
cision : and by solemnly renewing their covenant with 
God. On the whole, at the season here referred to, re- 
ligion appears to have been in a greatly revived and 
flourishing state. This dispensation was intended and 
wisely calculated to prepare the way for establishing 
and preserving the divine Avorship among the Israelites 
in the land of Canaan. God was pleased to continue 
this peculiar influence to his people for some time, un- 
der their illustrious leader, Joshua, and to afford him a 
double portion of the same spirit. 

* Num. xiv. 31. f Jtr. ii. 2,3. 



REVIVAL*. 26JJ 

The church of God enjoyed a very refreshing season, 
immedi itel after their return from the Babylonish cap- 
tivity, under the ministry ol Ezra, the priest. Ezra, 
who was pre-eminently zealous and active in religion, 
immediately after ins arrival from Babylon, devoted 
himself, w i b all bis powers, to reform the vices and to 
correct the evil habits of the JeWs. Of the progress and 
result of his efforts, we are informed in the tenth chap- 
ter of tiie book bearing his name, and in the eighth and 
ninth <■[]■ i.r rs of Nebemiah. The congregation of Is- 
rael, under the preaching of Ezra, mourned and wept 
sore for their sins: they entered into solemn covenant 
with God, and forsook their evil courses, they observed 
a fast, confessing their iniquities and imploring the di- 
vine mercy: they gave diligent and serious attention 
to the ministrations in sacred things which they enjoyed : 
they kept the feast of tabernacles, in the true spirit of 
that sacred institution: so that the worship of God was 
reformed, and the spirit of piety was revived* 1 glorious- 
ly r in Israel, to the praise of God's free grace. The fol- 
lowing remarks of a truly eloquent writer, are beauti- 
fully illustrative of the above suggestions: — " Ezra, 
himself a priest and doctor of the law, and Nehemiah, 
the governor, reformed the abuses which the captivity 
had introduced, and caused them to observe the law in 
its purity. The people with them deplore the trans- 
gressions which had brought these chastisements upon 
them, and acknowledge that Moses had predicted them. 
They all read in the sacred books, the menaces of this 
man of God — they see the accomplishment of them. 
The oracle of Jeremiah, and the return so much prom- 

* Edwards' Hist. Redemp.— also, Calraet's Die. Bible, word Esdrae 



264 A VIEW OF 

ised i • seventy years captivity, astonish and con- 

so le them. They adore the judgments of God, and, re- 
conciled to him, they live in peace."* 

A most extraordinary and wonderful out-pouring of 
the divine Spirit was witnessed at Jerusalem, on the day 
of Pentecost. The doctrines of salvation were about to 
be proclaimed to a guilty world. " To scatter abroad, 
in all places and in all ages, truths so exalted, and to en- 
force in the midst of corruption, practices so holy, a 
power was necessary more than human. Therefore Je- 
sus Christ promised to send the Holy Spirit, to strength- 
en his apostles, and perpetually to animate the body of 
the church. This power of the Holy Spirit, to manifest 
itself the more effectually, must appear in infirmity. « I 
send you,' says Jesus Christ to his apostles, ' the prom- 
ise of my Father,' that is to say, the Holy Spirit; in the 
mean time, ' tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem until ye 
be endued with power from on high.' In conformity to 
this order, they remained shut up forty days : the Holy 
Spirit descended at the time appointed : tongues of fire, 
fallen upon the disciples of Jesus Christ, mark the effica- 
cy of their word : the preaching commences : the apos- 
tles bear witness to Jesus Christ: they are ready to suf- 
fer all things, to evince that they have seen him risen. 
Miracles follow their words : under two discourses of 

* "Esdra«, pretre lui-meme et docteur de la loi, et Neheraias, gouverneur, 
reforn erenttousleaabusquelacaptivite avoitintroduits, et font garderlaloi dans 
sa purete. Le peuple pleure aveceux les transgressions qnelui avoient attiieices 
chatimens et reconnoitqus Moi'se lesavoit predits. Tons ensemble lisent dans 
les saints livres les menaces de 1' homme de Dieu ; ils en voient 1' accomplisse- 
ment ; 1' oracle de Jeremie, et le retour tant promit apres les 70 ans de captivite, 
les gtonnent et les consolent : ils adorent les jngemeus de Dieu, et, reconcilies 
avec lui, ils vivcnt en paix." Vide Histoirc Universelle— Tom. 1. 12 mo. page 
•J 18. Bossuet. 



REVIVALS. 265 

St. Peter, eight thousand Jews are converted ; and, 
weeping their error, they are washed in the blood which 
they had shed."* This was a display of divine power 
and mercy, unequalled in the annals of the church and 
in the triumphs of heavenly grace. The impulse expe- 
rienced was immediately traced by the eloquent and pi- 
ous Peter, to that prediction and promise of God, on 
which hang the prayers and the hopes of the world: — 
"I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh. "f The as- 
sembly was large and promiscuous, composed of men 
" out of every nation under heaven." And " fear came 
upon all, and suddenly a sound from heaven, as of a 
rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where 
they were sitting. "j So wonderful was the power ex- 
erted by the Spirit of God, on the promiscuous multi- 
tude of sinners who attended the preaehing of Peter, 
-"that they gladly received his word, were baptized, 
and the same day there were added to them about three 
thousand souls " " They were not Christians in name 
only: they understood and believed the apostolic doc- 
trine, concerning repentance and remission of sins in the 
name of Jesus Christ : they continued united to the pas- 
tors whom God had made instruments of their conver- 
sion : they received constantly the ordinance of the 
Lord's supper, in which they enjoyed real communion 
with their Saviour: and prayer was their daily employ- 
ment and delight. Their holy boldness towards God, 
and their joyful sensation of forgiveness, were tempered 
with a godly fear. Every soul was possessed with it. 

* Translated from the French. Vide Histoire Uuiver. Bossuet, Tom. J. 2T-". 
r Joel ii. 28. i Acts ii. '2.5, Ac- 

34 



266 A VIEW OF 

They had felt the pangs of guilt: they had seen what a 
price was paid for their redemption: they "rejoiced 
with trembling," as men just emerged from the pit of 
destruction: they continued stedfastly in the apostle's 
doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and 
in prayers."* 

The power of divine grace was, soon after signally il- 
lustrated in the land of Samaria. This country was sit- 
uated between Judea and Galilee. " After the success 
of the gospel had been so gloriously begun among the 
proper Jews, the Spirit of God was next wonderfully 
poured out on the Samaritans, who were not Jews by 
nation, but the posterity of those whom the King of As- 
syria removed from different parts of his dominions, and 
settled in the land that was inhabited by the ten tribes, 
whom he carried captive. "f These people had receiv- 
ed the books of Moses, and they observed some of the 
ceremonies required in them ; but they corrupted the 
institutions of Moses, by mixing idolatrous services with 
them. They went not up to Jerusalem to worship, but 
resorted to the temple of Mount Gerizim, referred to by 
the woman of Samaria: "our fathers worshipped in this 
mountain." J The Jews and Samaritans had long cher- 
ished an unhappy enmity towards one another. The 
blessed Saviour, in the days of his humanity, manifested 
kindness for this people. His attempts to bring them to 
piety were unthankful ly resisted then ; but his set time, 
to separate to himself a peculiar people in Samaria, had 
now arrived. This was effected principally through 
the instrumentality of Philip, "who went down to the 

* Vide Milner's Churcli History, vol. 1, page 24. 

f Edwards' His. Redem. 259. t John iv. 20. 



REVIVALS. 267 

city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto them. And 

the people with one accord, gave heed unto those things 
which Philip spake, hearing and seeing the miracles 
which he did. And there was great joy in that city."* 
This happy work of God was carried on in many Samar- 
itan villages, by the visiting and preaching of Peter and 
John. The arrogant and blasphemous pretensions of Si- 
mon Magus, who had "bewitched the people with sor- 
ceries," were no longer tolerated. The power of God's 
Spirit and the wonders of divine love, were displayed 
in reconciling and uniting in ties of Christian affection 
and harmony, many Jews and Samaritans, strongly op- 
posed in their religious principles, relations and observ- 
ances, and habitually hostile, from motives of worldly 
interest and false honour. The inveterate enmities and 
deep rooted prejudices of the carnal mind, were soon 
subdued and rectified by the triumphant operations of 
God's most Holy Spirit. 

The Spirit of the Lord was poured out and made to 
triumph gloriously in Thessalonica. "A synagogue of 
the Jews Mas established there, and Paul, as his manner 
was, went in unto them, and three Sabbath days reason- 
ed with them out of the Scriptures. And some of them 
believed and consorted with Paul and Silas: and of the 
devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief wo- 
men not a few."f " The growth of this people in god- 
liness, was soon renowned through the Christian world. 
Their persecutions appear to have been grievous, and 
hence the comfort of God their Saviour, and the pros- 
pect of the invisible world, became more precious to 

* Acts vin. 5, 6, 8. - Actsxvii. 



2(38 A VIEW OF 

them."* They appear to have enjoyed with peculiar 
abundance and constancy, the sanctifying and consoling 
influences of the divine spirit and presence ; hence they 
were alive to God, zealous and devout in his holy ser- 
vice. 

The city of Ephesus, in Asia Minor, was remarkable 
for the great temple of Diana, one of the wonders of the 
world, erected there, which attracted the attention of 
many strangers. Few places upon earth were more 
strongly devoted to idolatry. Many ingenious artists 
enriched themselves by making shrines and images for 
the superstitious worship of Diana. The gospel of 
Christ had, therefore, peculiar obstacles to encounter 
in that city. And " in no place," says the excellent 
historianf before referred to, " does the word of God 
seem so much to have triumphed, as at Ephesus. The 
work of conversion was deep, vigorous and soul-trans- 
forming, to a great degree. Many, struck with the hor- 
ror of former crimes, made an open confession ; and ma- 
ny who had dealt in the abominations of sorcery, now 
showed their sincere detestation of them, by burning 
their books before all men, the price of which amount- 
ed to a large sum. ' So mightily grew the word of God 
and prospered.' Thus triumphs the sacred historian. 
Satan must have trembled for his kingdom: the empti- 
ness of all the systems of philosophy appeared no less 
palpable, than the flagitiousness of vice and the enormi- 
ties of idolatry. The spiritual power of Jesus was nev- 
er seen in a stronger light, since the day of Pentecost : 
and the venal priesthood of Diana, the celebrated god- 
dess of Ephesus, apprehended the total ruin of their 
hierarchy." 

* Milner's C. Hist. 77, vol. 1. f Milner, vol. I. 93. 



REV! V ALB. 269 

Another remarkable work, of the divine Spirit on the 
hearts of men particularly distinguishable in the annals 
of the church, is presented in the history of the IV l(h ri- 
ses. The season of prosperity, which the church of 
Christ enjoyed under the ministry of the . s postles, Evan- 
gelists and Fathers, was sue ceded by a time of persecu- 
tion and darkness, which continued for several centu- 
ries. "There was a certain people," says president 
Edwards,* "called the Waldenses, who lived separate 
from all the rest of the world, who kept themselves 
pure and constantly bore a testimony gainst the church 
of Rome through all this dark tiivc. The place where 
they duel was the Vaut 'is or the five vallies of Pied- 
mont, a very mountainous country between Italy and 
France. The place where they lived was compassed 
about with those exceedingly high mountains called 
the Alps, which were almost impassable. There this 
people lived for many ages as it were alone in a state of 
separation from all the world, having very little to do 
with any other people. And there they served God in 
the ancient purity of his worship and never submitted to 
the Church of Rome. It is supposed that this people 
first betook themselves to this desert secret place among 
the mountains, to hide themselves from the severity of 
the Heathen persecutions which were before Constan- 
tine the great." Some suppose these people to have re- 
treated into these peaceful vales first, in the 7th centu- 
ry,f that they might live free from oppression and en- 
joy securely their religious modes of worship. But at 
whatever period this settlement took place, the influ- 
ence of the Holy Spirit is very manifest in the whole 

* His. Red. 103. 
+ Vide Mosla-im's Eccle. Hi?. Vol. iii. paje 117, alsoNesbit's Cli. History, 189. 



270 4 VIEW OF 

transaction. The corruption, oppression and misery, 
of the voi Id, under the dominion of papal tyranny and 
darkness, cannot be expressed. By the special direction 
and agency of the divine Spirit, the truth, in principle 
and in practice, was happily preserved in the hearts and 
lives of these secluded people. " Their fundamental 
doctrine was, that the authority of Scripture is supreme, 
that this was, the sole rule forjudging in matters of reli- 
gion, and that whatever disagreed therewith must be re- 
jected. They declared that the decrees of councils 
were only to be so far approved as they might agree 
with the word of God. They asserted that the reading 
and knowledge of Scripture were necessary for all and 
the privilege of the laity as well as the clergy. Their 
rules of practice were extremely rigid, and austere, and 
their aim and intention was to reduce every thing in re- 
ligion to the standard and discipline of the primitive 
church. They held almost the same opinions as those 
who are now called reformers and Calvinists."* When 
their peaceful retirement and their true Christian faith 
and character became known to the supporters of the 
papal hierarchy, in the 13th century, the storm of perse- 
cution soon burst upon them. Thousands perished by 
cruel deaths and multitudes fled for safety to almost ev- 
ery part of Europe disseminating the truth of Christ, 
wherever they went, thus preparing the way for that en- 
tire deliverance, from the reign of oppression and dark- 
ness, which speedily followed. In no instance, in the 
history of the church, do we see more clearly displayed 
the blessed efficacy of the Holy Spirit, preserving from 
extinction among men the precious light of Heaven, 

* See Nesbit's Ecc, His. 8 vo.— 190 — 1. 



REVIVALS. 2Tl 

guarding, refreshing and sustaining, from age to age and 
from century to rentury, the elements of truth and the 
graces of piety. This was a uniform, progressive and 
triumphant work of God which demands the wonder 
and the praise of every succeeding i:ge. 

The dispersion of the Waldenses, the diffusion of their 
pure knowledge and the influence ot their spotless lives, 
through surrounding kingdoms, contributed much to 
hasten and facilitate the glorious reformation, in the be- 
ginning of the 16th century. This was indeed a season of 
extensive excitement, revival and reform among the na- 
tions, in which the grace of God was manifested, so ex- 
traordinarily, as to awaken the admiration ot mankind. 
In the words of that sera we read of no sudden out-pour- 
ings of the divine Spirit upon congregations and commu- 
nities, ofno powerful and extensiveawakenings among sin- 
ners, in which thousands or hundreds, are in a short period 
brought home to Christ from the brink of death. Such 
triumphs God has bestowed upon other days. His 
work, at the time referred to, assumed a different char- 
acter. A local revival in some solitary corners of Eu- 
rope would have been local in its effects and not attend- 
ed with any great and beneficent result on the con- 
dition of others. This was not the plan of God. The 
world was in darkness : thick darkness rested on the 
minds of the people. It was necessary that the work of 
God's Spirit should commence in the hearts of some in- 
dividuals, of exalted and towering genius — of ardent and 
intrepid spirit — of patient and persevering temper — of 
quick discernment and extensive forecast — who should 
become leaders in the gre?t enterprise — enlightening and 
emancipating a wretched world. Infinite wisdom laid 
the plan : God's victorious Spirit and grace accomplished 



272 A VIEW OK 

what his wisdom had conceived. WicklifF, Hu's, Je-' 
rome, Luther, Melancthon, Zuinglius, Calvin and multi- 
tudes like minded, rise up, in quick succession, as stars 
in a dark night : and through them the light of the 
Spirit of heaven beams upon the darkness of the world. 
The Spirit of the Lord filled their hearts and supported 
them in all their conflicts. Animated by his invigora- 
ting power, " they wrought righteousness, quenched the 
violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, out of 
weakness were made strong, waxed valiant in fight, en- 
dured trial of cruel mockings and scourgings, of bonds 
and imprisonment, turned to flight the armies of the 
aliens, subdued kingdoms" and courted the crown of 
martyrdom. The Spirit of revival and reform spread 
from province to province and from land to land. It 
visited the humble cottage : — it inspired the battled 
host : — it diffused itself through the councils of nations : 
— it entered the habitations of the great: — and it some- 
times ascended the earthly throne. The "gospel came 
not in word only, but also in power and in the Holy 
Ghost and in much assurance." 1. Thes. i. 5. 

Early in the 17th century, it pleased the Lord to com- 
mence a peculiar work of grace in the central parts of 
Germany, near which the glorious reformation orig na- 
ted. Many pious and learned men, of Jena, Lunen- 
burgh, Strasbugh, Wittemberg, Coburg, Kail, Erfurt, 
Hanover, and Rostock, were employed in producing 
and carrying on this happy revival. They were 
brought at first to mourn the decay of piety in the hearts 
and lives of God's professing people and to attempt, by 
publishing pious, appropriate tracts, to arouse the minds 
of Christians in general to the same subject. These 
means were employed in the Divine Ilan'i, to revivepro- 



REVIVALS. 

fessors, and also to convert many sinners to God. 
About 1G62, one of these recently published pious pie- 
ces, was made the means of opening the eyes and inter- 
esting the heart, of Dr. Spener, on the subject of reli- 
gion, after which he became a champion in the cause of 
godliness. His private counsels, his public ministra- 
tions, and his pious publications, were remarkably pros- 
pered by the Spirit of God, to the enlargement and sanc- 
tification of the churches committed to his care, in 
Francfort, Dresden and Berlin. In Francfort, he open- 
ed a private conference for the instruction and comfort 
of impressed and anxious souls. To that meeting, in- 
quirers for Christ were invited to come " to bring forth 
any experience or spiritual meditation that was upon 
their minds." Multitudes of citizens and strangers 
flocked to this meeting intended for private devotion, 
and the Lord made it a place of mercy to many souls. 
So great was the fame of these divine operations, that 
the evangelic pastor was frequently honoured and en- 
couraged by the attendance of professors of univer- 
sities, ministers of state, electors and princes. This 
work was carried into Leipsick and Hall, through the 
labours of the Rev. Mr. Schade, and professor Frank. 
Biblical schools, meetings for expounding and reciting 
the Scriptures, were made effectual means of promoting 
this good work. Religion in Germany assumed a new 
form. The walk of piety and the worship of God be- 
came emphatically marked with knowledge, zeal and 
devotion. * 

A few years previous to thi ! in Germany, 

pious company under the influence of the Spirit of God 

* Vide Historical Collection by John Gillies, Vol. I. book, iii. Cli. 4. 

35 



"274 A VIEW OF 

arrived in New-England and commenced the settling of 
that new and uncultivated country. The divine Spirit 
waspoured out upon them very remarkably from the begin- 
ning and the divine presence was peculiarly aiforded to 
these colonists for a considerable time.* They were in 
general descended immediately from the first English re- 
formers. Their religious principles and habits were of 
the most strict and rigid nature. Difficulties and op- 
pressions at home, rendered their circumstances unhap- 
py : and by an impulse, from heaven, they simultane- 
ously resolved to cross the ocean, to settle in a wilder- 
ness, there to become a covenant people of God, and to 
worship Him according to the dictates of their pure, sim- 
ple and fervent piety. This devout little company, of 
Christian brethren, soon became a multitude. " And to 
the great glory of God be it spoken, there never was 
perhaps before seen such a body of pious people togeth- 
er on the face of the earth. "f The Spirit of God was 
copiously imparted to the successive groups of emigrants 
that arrived from different parts of Europe, and to the 
children and youth of the colonies. Churches were es- 
tablished in great number and in rapid succession, and 
filled with fervent and adoring worshippers. In 1629, 
the leaders of this pious settlement entered publicly in- 
to solemn covenant;]; with God and with one another. 
" The discourse, not only of the aged, but of the youth 
also, then, was, — how shall we go to Heaven ? Have I 
true grace wrought in my heart ? Have I Christ or 
not ? O, how did men and women, young and old pray 

* 1620—1650. t Se<» Prince's Christian History. 

\ The instrument, drawn up and signed on this occasion, is preserved ir. 
deal's His. of the Puritans, A. D. 16^9. 



REVIVALS. H75 

for grace, beg for Christ, in those days ! And it was not 
in vain : many were converted and others were eslub 
lished in believing, many joined the seveial churches, 
where they lived, confessing their faith publicly and 
showing before iill the assembly their experiences of the 
workings of God's Spirit, in their hearts, to bring them 
to Christ."* 

It was at this period, that Eliot, the pious pastor oi 
Roxbury, near Boston, denominated "the apostle to the 
American Indians," commenced his arduous and sucess- 
fulf labours among the natives of this country. He was 
aided in this service by the Rev. Messrs. John Cotton 
and Samuel Treat, and the ministrations of all were 
greatly blessed to these illiterate and wretched heathen. 
In the Atlantic skirts of Massachusetts and in Rhode- 
Island, especially on Martha's Vineyard, very soon, sev- 
eral Indian congregations were established, consisting 
of many hopefully pious professors, baptized persons 
and serious inquirers after salvation in Jesus Christ. 
The Lord communicated his grace in peculiar abun- 
dance to his people in the colonies, to support and com- 
fort their hearts amidst the trials inseparable from their 
state. He added daily to his church such as gave evi- 
dence of faith, and made that a long continued and mem- 
orable period of refreshing from his blessed presence. 

In Windham, Connecticut, 1721, the dispensation of 
the gospel was attended with extraordinary power, and 
made instrumental in bringing home to Christ, a consid- 
erable harvest of souls. Persons of all ages and many 
of dissolute life, were suddenly awakened and deeply 
impressed, so that through divine grace, in a very short 
time, eighty souls were added to the Lord. 

* Prince's Chris. History. + See Mather's life of Eliot 



2T6 A VIEW OK 

This was followed at the close of the year 1?30, by a 
very remarkable manifestation of heavenly grace, at Free- 
hold, under the ministry of the Rev. John Tennent and his 
successor. Early in the settlement of this place a num- 
ber of intelligent and pious Scotch people fixed their 
residence there. Notwithstanding the salutary influ- 
ence of their example and exertions, religion gradually 
declined. And the prospect was very unpromising 
when Mr. Tennent commenced his labours among that 
people. But he soon expressed a strong belief " that 
Christ had a large harvest of souls to gather in that con- 
gregation." His ministerial labours were peculiarly 
prospered. The place of public worship was crouded 
with attendants, who listened as for their lives ; and the 
hearers seemed to behave in God's house as if they stood 
at his bar. The minister and the people were often wet 
with tears. It was not unusual to see many persons in 
time of service sighing and sobbing with deep agitation. 
Some were carried out of the public assemblies, as if 
dead, overwhelmed by the majesty and glory of the divine 
sanctuary. In consequence of the death of this eminent- 
ly pious and excellent minister of Jesus, this congrega- 
tion, with the approbation of the people, was very soon 
placed under the pastoral care of the Rev. William Ten- 
nent. Soon after accepting the charge, this unassum- 
ing man of God observed, that the Lord had sent him to 
reap that on which he had bestowed but little labour. 
The gracious work was greatly advanced by his pious 
and faithful efforts, and the fruits of this season of mercy 
were very abundant. The subjects of grace were led to 
Christ by a strong and deep conviction of sin, guilt and 
danger. They saw their condemned state : — they ac- 
knowledged the justice of God : — they felt and mourn- 
ed their helplessness : — and, so, they were compelled to 



KEY LVA1 ,B. 

seek relief by faith in Christ alone. The great doc- 
trines of the gospel, which aljasc the sinner and exalt 
the free grace of God, became dear and precious to 
their hearts. They gloried only in the Lord who had 
loved them and given himself for them. They spoke 
with so much clearness, propriety and affection, of di- 
vine things, that every hearer was convinced the Lord 
had been their teacher. This work of God was entire- 
ly free from enthusiasm and extravagance. Divine 
grace was truly illustrated and magnified therein the con- 
version of many sinners and quickening of many believ- 
ers. 

Very soon after this pleasing event in Freehold, 
Northampton, was made the theatre upon which the op- 
erations of the divine Spirit were exhibited more strik- 
ingly and effectually, than in any other instance record- 
ed in the 18th century. This spot had long been high- 
ly favoured of God. The Rev. Eleazer Mather, the 
first pastor there, was settled in 1669, and his ministry 
was crowned with extensive success. Rev. Solomon 
Stoddard who succeeded him in 1672, continued his 
ministerial labours till 1728, in distinguished honour and 
usefulness. He enjoyed five successive seasons of the 
out-pouring of the Spirit, which he denominated har- 
vests, inasmuch as each, in its turn, produced a consider- 
able increase of church members, and of vital piety. 
The Rev. Jonathan Edwards, who was the human agent 
employed by God to begin and carry on the signal work 
of grace which followed, in 1734, &c. possessed knowl- 
edge, piety and faithfulness, in a pre-eminent degree. 
His earnest efforts to produce among his people a sacred 
observance of the Sabbath, his introducing and encourag- 
ing religions meetings among the youth — and his plain 



278 A VIEW OF 

and solemn preaching on the doctrines of grace, espe- 
cially justification by faith ; — were the particular means 
first used, by God, to carry conviction to the hearts of 
sinners. The following plain and solemn account of 
the work that followed is extracted from President Ed- 
ward's Narrative* on this subject: — " A great and ear- 
nest concern about the great things of religion and the 
eternal world became universal in all parts of the town 
and among persons of all ages : the noise among the dry 
bones waxed louder and louder ; all other talk but about 
spiritual and eternal things was soon thrown by. Other 
discourse than of the things of religion would scarcely 
be tolerated in any company. The minds of people 
-were wonderfully taken off from the world. It was 
treated amongst us as a thing of very little consequence. 
The temptation now seemed to lie on that hand to ne- 
glect worldly affairs too much and to spend too much 
time in the immediate exercise of religion. The only 
thing in their view was to get the kingdom of heaven 
and every one appeared pressing into it. The engag- 
edness of their hearts in this great concern could not be 
hid : it appeared in their very countenances. It was 
then a dreadful thing amongst us, to lie out of Christ in 
danger every day of dropping into hell. There was 
scarcely a single person in the town either old or young, 
that was left unconcerned about the great things of the 
eternal world. The work of conversion was carried on 
in a most astonishing manner, and increased more and 
more : souls did as it were come by flocks to Jesu6 
Christ. From day to day, for many months together, 
might be seen evident instances of sinners brought out 

* See Prince's Chris. His. No. 15, 16. See extract from that Narrative, Gillie's 
collections vol. ii. page 35. 



REVIVALS. 279 

of darkness into marvellous light, and delivered out 
of an horrible pit, and from the miry clay, and set upon 
a rock, with a new song of praise to God in their 
mouths. This work of God, as it was carried on, and 
the number of true saints multiplied, soon made a glori- 
ous alteration in the town ; so that in the spring and 
summer following, in the year 1735, the town seemed to 
he full of the presence of God. There were remarka- 
ble tokens of God's presence in almost every house. It 
was a time of joy in families, on account of salvation's 
being brought unto them : parents rejoicing over their 
children, as new born, and husbands over their wives, 
and wives over their husbands. God's days were a de- 
light, and his tabernacles were amiable. Our public as- 
semblies were then beautiful: the congregation Mas 
alive in God's service, every hearer eager to drink in 
the words of the minister as they came from his mouth: 
the assembly in general were from time to time in tears, 
while the word was preached ; some weeping with sor- 
row and distress, others with joy and love, others with 
pity and concern for the souls of their neighbours.'" 
Many villages and congregations in the surrounding 
country, shared richly in this copious effusion of the 
Spirit of God. 

About the year 1738, the apostolic Whitefield com- 
menced his preaching tours through these states. The 
effect was wonderful. The Divine Spirit seemed hap- 
pily to accompany him, and to prosper his fervent and 
unwearied labours. Thousands traced their first reli- 
gious impressions and their eternal hopes, to his power- 
ful and awakening sermons, in the hands of God. The 
period of his journies may be viewed as a continued 
season of awakening among the thoughtless, and revival 



2ii0 A VIEW OF 

among the pious. His visits of love and power, were 
extended to the whole country : he preached in most of 
the important towns and villages, and often in groves 
and in the open fields. The fruits of his labours, by di- 
vine grace, were made abundant and precious, through 
all the provinces. 

A few years after these great successes, the Rev. Gil- 
bert Tennent was induced to visit New-England, in the 
same evangelizing service. He did not possess so ex- 
tensively as Mr. Whitefield, the natural powers of elo- 
quence, but the grace of God rested upon him, and gave 
astonishing efficacy to his ministrations, in many places. 
He seemed to go forth in the name of the Most High, 
armed with the sword of the Spirit, and clothed with sal- 
vation. In the city of Boston, many hundreds, some 
judged thousands, were deeply impressed by his dis- 
courses. Many children were deeply convinced, and 
some received consolation. In Charlestown and Cam- 
bridge, great numbers were awakened and hopefully 
converted. Some very aged, many in the prime of life, 
some very young, several students in Harvard college, 
and a number of people of colour, shared this saving in- 
fluence. Mr. Tennent's sermons were made " the wis- 
dom of God and the power of God," to the conviction 
and conversion of many sinners, in Ipswich, Portsmouth, 
Marblehead, Chelsea, Hampton, Plymouth, Bristol, 
Providence, Stonington, New-London, Lyme, Guilford, 
Tauntoni New-Haven, Stratford, Newport, and Milford. 
Through all the region from New- Jersey to New-Hamp- 
shire, the Spirit of the Lord was poured out powerfully 
upon the principal towns and villages. It was a glori r 
ous triumph of the Son of God among sinful men. Ma- 
ny pious and excellent persons appeared to entertain a 



REVIVALS. 281 

jo} ful persuasion, that the latter day glory was arising 

upon tliem. 

In 17'3,\ the Spirit of God commenced a glorious 
work of awakening among- sinners, and refreshing among 
Christians, in the united congregations of Amwell, 
Hopewell and Lawrence, under the pastoral service of 
the Rev. Mr. Rowland. His faithful labours, in preach- 
ing and visiting, were made the means of beginning this 
gracious work. It commenced in Amwell, May 17 0. 
A discourse upon these words, "The Master is come 
and calleth for thee," was made powerful and awaken- 
ing to many souls. A sermon at another time, on the 
following .passage, "All things are ready, come to the 
marriage," proved sweetly encouraging and comforting 
to many agitated spirits. The power of God's grace 
was exercised remarkably, in a few instances. October 
6th, 1736, at a night meeting, only about fifteen persons 
assembled, eleven of whom were deeply convinced of 
their misery, and brought to cry out so distressingly, 
that Mr. Rowland thought it prudent to conclude the 
service. When he asked them afterwards the reason of 
their loud and awful cries, some answered, "that they 
saw hell opening before them, and themselves ready to 
fall into it :" others added, " That they w re struck with 
such a sense of their sinfulness, that ti:ey were afraid the 
Lord would never have mercy on them." Another of 
these special seasons, was December 30, 1739; when 
the Lord was pleased to manifest his grace exceedingly, 
through the whole service. Some hardened creatures 
were deeply convinced of the truth and beauty of reli- 
gion. Some persons presents-rid, " they never \» ou!d 
forget this day, in which God had been so gracious to 
them." 

36 



282 a view of 

In Lawrence, the work of grace commenced and pro- 
gressed in a manner somewhat different. April bth, 
1740, at publio service, the subject was the gospel net, 
Mat. xiii. 47 ; and many were deeply humbled before 
the Lord. The whole assembly, believers and unbe- 
lievers, seemed to be much moved and affected by di- 
vine influence. On the 24th of July, the same year, 
public service seemed to produce a lively and sweet 
impression on the minds of hearers, especially on Chris- 
tians. After public worship, some as they were return- 
ing home, stopped at the house of a Christian friend oa 
the way. The company, at first small, was soon increas- 
ed to forty. An address to them, on the firs* verses of 
the fiftieth Psalm, was attended with peculiar effect, and 
"the Spirit of the Lord was made to work by it upon 
all that were present. The love of God's people was 
uncommonly inflamed to Jesus Christ ; their views of 
his majesty and glory were much enlarged ; their long- 
ings after him much stirred up ; their zeal for God's 
glory enkindled anew. And as to the unconverted that 
were present, they received very clear discoveries of 
their undone state by nature. This was followed with 
the mighty power of God, in a sermon, the next eve- 
ning, to a large congregation, in the same town." In 
Lawrence, August 3d, " God was pleased to magnify 
his grace, in visiting many poor sinners. He opened 
their eyes, to see themselves without Christ, and with- 
out hope in the world : their convictions were attended 
with great horror and trembling and loud weeping. 
Many did continue crying in the most doleful manner 
along the road, in their way home, and it was not in the 
power of man to prevail with them to refrain ; for the 
word of the Lord remained like a fire upon their hearts. 



REVIVALS. 281i 

Respecting the nature of this work, their views of heart 
corruption, their distance from Cod aud their having 
lived so long without him, were very clear and affect- 
ing: their hardness and unbelief, their ignorance and 
blindness, pressed very close upon them : their need of 
Christ and his Spirit was such, that there was no rest to 
be taken in any thing here below, until they did obtain 
an interest in Jesus Christ, and receive his Spirit, to pu- 
rify and sanctify their hearts."* 

While God was performing these things in Am well 
and Lawrence, he commenced an abundant-out-pouring- 
of his Spirit, in the congregation and town of Newark, 
New-Jersey, peculiarly upon the youth of that place. 
Christians in general were refreshed, and multitudes 
of young sinners laid under deep and solemn con- 
victions. This divine work progressed steadily, through 
the months of November, December and January. In 
the following March, the "whole town was brought 
under an uncommon concern about their eternal inter- 
ests, and about that time, a considerable number expe- 
rienced a saving change." 

No corresponding excitement was felt at Elizabeth- 
Town, though very near, till June, 1740, when the work 
at Newark considerably declined. The eloquent and 
flaming Wtitefield, had preached there just before, it was 
believed, in vain : and the profound and pious Dickin- 
son, their stated pastor, had appeared to labour with ve- 
ry little success. But God's set time to visit this people 
in mercy, had now come. The windows of heaven 
were suddenly opened, and a glorious shower of grace 
was sent down upon them. As in Newark, the impres- 

* Vide Letter of Mr. Rowland, in Gillie's Coil's, vol. 2, p. 138. 



234 A VIEW o* 

sion was made at first principally upon the young. The 
account of this work, by the great and venerable pastor, 
is very interesting - : — "Having at that time invited the 
young people to hear a sermon, there was a numerous 
congregation convened, which consisted chiefly of our 
youth, though there were many others with them. I 
preached to them a plain, practical sermon, without any 
special liveliness or vigour: for I was then in a re- 
markably dead and dull frame, till enlivened by a sud- 
den and deep impression, which visibly appeared upon 
the congregation in general. There was no crying out 
or falling down, as elsewhere happened, but the inward 
distress and concern of the audience, discovered itself 
by their tears, and by an audible sobbing and sighing in 
almost all parts of the assembly. There appeared such 
tokens of a solemn and deep concern as I. never before 
saw in any congregation. We had no instances among 
us of such sudden conversions as I have heard of else- 
where: but our new converts were all for a considera- 
ble time under a law work, before they were brought 
to any satisfying views of their interest in Christ, and the 
favour of God. It was remarkable, that they who were 
formerly eminent for religion, were now greatly quick- 
ened and revived, and some of them had now such joy- 
ful manifestat'oMs of God's love to their souls, as they 
had never hefore experienced."* 

The regular worship of God, was introduced into the 
Northern Neck of Virginia, about 1730, through the lau- 
dable exertions of Mr. John Organ, a pious schoolmas- 
ter, of that place from Scotland, and a church was or- 
ganized there through the instrumentality of the Rev. 
Mr. Anderson. 

* Vide Gillie's Coil's, vol. 2. p. !4o. 



REVIVALS. 286 

In 1 742, the divine work which had prospered so glo- 
riously in the eastern states, was carried by the divine 
Spirit into some parts of Pennsylvania, and more espe- 
cially, into Hanover, in the state of Virginia. The 
manner of its commencing '.here was very extraordinary 
and interesting. Mr. S mmel Morris, a planter of dis- 
tinction, residing in Hanover, providentially obtained 
some old, pious books, from reading which he became 
solemnly concerned for his soul's salvation. His im- 
pressions were cherished by the divine Spirit till he 
found hope and comfort in Christ. Prompted by the 
Spirit of true piety, he invited his neighbours to come 
to his house, that he might read to them out of the pre- 
cious volumes* which he believed had providentially 
fallen into his hands and which had been, he humbly- 
trusted, so graciously blessed to his everlasting interests. 
His neighbours attended numerously and very soon, 
many were solemnly impressed and made hopefully the 
subjects of recovering grace. When his own house 
became too small for the crouds that attended, a more 
convenient building was prepared for their accommoda-' 
tion, which Avas known extensively by the name of Mr. 
Morris's R-adijig House. Soon after this arrangement 
was made, the leadersof this company ofanxious inquirers 
and devout worshippers, got some knowledge of the Rev. 
William R'lhinson, a missionary of the presbytery of 
New-Brunswick, who entered Virginia and preached at 
a place not very remote from the Reading House. Mes- 
sengers were dispatched to invite Mr. Robinson to come 

* The books from time to time used in this manner, were Boston'* Fourfold 
State — Ijiither on the Galntians— some of Bunyan's Works — and Whitefield's 
Sermons ; — all admirably calculated to produce a serious and lasting impression 
»n the mind. 



286 A VIEW OF 

and preach to them. He yielded to their solicitation 
and visisted them in the fulness of the power and mercy 
of the gospel. '* He continued with us," says Mr. 
Morris in a letter on this subject, "preaching four 
days successively. The congregation was large the first 
day and vastly increased the three ensuing. *Tis hard 
for the liveliest imagination to form an image of the con- 
dition of the assembly on these glorious days of the Son 
of man. Such as had been hungering for the word before 
were lost in an agreeable surprise and astonishment, and 
some could not refrain from publicly declaring their 
transport. Many that came through curiosity were 
pricked to the heart and but (ew in the numerous assem- 
blies on these four days appeared unaffected. They 
returned alarmed with apprehensions of their dangerous 
condition, convinced of their former entire ignorance of 
religion and anxiously inquiring what they should do to 
be saved."* After this, the private use of the means of 
grace became more general and more effectual there. 
A spirit of inquiry and concern, on the subject of reli- 
gion seemed to pervade the whole country. Soon after 
the Rev. Messrs. Blair, Roan, Tennent and Finley 
preached at Hanover with great effect. Whitefield 
spent several days in the same region, and his sermons 
were made the means of giving additional earnestness to 
those already impressed and of awakening others to seek 
the Lord. In a short season the Lord was pleased to 
send these people a pastor after his own heart, in the 
Rev. Samuel Davies,f under whose able and faithful la- 

* See this letter of Mr. Morris, Gillie's Col. vol. 2. page 331. 
f Afterwards President of Princeton college, New-Jersey. 



REVIVALS. 2o7 

hours the cause of the Redeemer was greatly advanced 
in that part of Virginia.* 

About the same time and during a few of the following- 
years, the Lord was pleased to display his power glori- 
ously among the natives of this country, through the 
missionary services of the pious and indefatigable Rev. 
David Brainerd. These labours were commenced and 
continued some time exclusively among the tribes on the 
.Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and they Avere at- 
tended with many useful and happy effects on those ig- 
norant and savage people. But his efforts among the 
Indian settlements at Crosweek's, in New-Jersey, If 45, 
were blessed in a much more remarkable degree. His 
own humble representation of the success with which 
he was honoured in this important mission, is very inter- 
esting. 

"I discoursed to the Indians, at the place where I 
have usually preached to them. There appeared no- 
thing very remarkable till near the close of my dis- 
course, and then divine truths were attended with a sur- 
prising influence. There were scarce three out of for- 
ty that could refrain from tears and bitter cries. They 
all, as one, seemed in an agony of soul, to obtain an in- 
terest in Christ. Jt was surprising to see how their 
hearts seemed to be pierced with the tender and melting- 
invitations of the gospel." On the 8th of August, when 
Mr. Brainerd preached to them again, " the power of 
God seemed to descend upon the assembly, like a 
rushing mighty wind, and with an astonishing energy, 
bore down all before it. * I stood,' says he, « amazed at 

* For a more ample view of the origin and progress of religion in \ ; 
see Notes on Virginia by Thomas Jefferson, Esq, Query xvii Memoirs of tie 
Rev. John Rodgers, D.D. by Samuel Miller, D.D. Chapter ii. 



288 A VIEW OF 

the influence which seized the audience, almost univer- 
sally, and could compare it to nothing mure aptly than 
the irresistible force of a mighty torrent or swelling de- 
luge. Old men and women, who had been drunken 
wretches for many years, and some little children, not 
more than six or seven years of age, appeared in dis- 
tress for their souls, as well as persons of middle age." 
A considerable number of these poor perishing crea- 
tures, were brought to a saving knowledge and accep- 
tance of Christ Jesus. An observation of this humble 
and heavenly minded missionary, shall close this ac- 
count : — " God's manner of working upon them, appear- 
ed so entirely supernatural, and above means, that I 
could scarce believe he used me as an instrument, or 
what I spake, as means of carrying on his work. I 
seemed to do nothing, and indeed to have nothing to do, 
but stand still and see the salvation of God."* During 
the ensuing fall and winter, a considerable congrega- 
tion was collected and formed. Many adults and chil- 
dren were baptized, and twenty-three natives were ad- 
mitted to the holy communion of the Lord's supper, 
whose lives were exemplary and honourable to their 
Christian profession. 

To avoid awakening invidious feelings, and to keep 
within proper limits, our sketch of revivals must close 
here; but we leave the power and mercy of God in 
their victorious progress through the church and through 
the world. God has chosen the close of the eighteenth 
century and the beginning of the nineteenth, as the sea- 
son in which to display, with peculiar sovereignty and 
glory, the riches of his grace. He is from year to year, 

* For the interesting particulars of this mission, see Life of Brair.erd. by Prei 
ident Edwards. 



REVIVALS. 289 

riding forth in the chariot of his everlasting' gospel, con- 
quering and to conquer. Towns and cities, cultivated 
plains and unfrequented deserts, continents and islands, 
submit before him and hail his approach ! 

On the whole, from the preceding view, it appears, that 
God has always adapted his dispensations to the condi. 
tion of his church, to the state of the world, to the ne- 
cessities of his people, and to the nature of his own prom- 
ises and purposes respecting the salvation of men. 
Sometimes we see almighty power adorably exerted for 
the overthrow of unbelief, for the awakening and con- 
version of sinners, for the separation and establishment 
of holy communities to worship and praise the Lord, 
where ignorance, vice and superstition had lately held 
their throne. Sometimes we see the Father of mercies 
deigning to visit, to collect, reanimate and cheer a fee- 
ble, scattered, declining group of his own people, pre- 
serving and invigorating the things that remain, lest they 
may wholly perish. In some instances, we see the hearts 
of saints and sinners both deeply and simultaneously im- 
pressed and affected, the work of grace, happily advan- 
ced in many where it had been previously commenced, 
and effectually, begun in others, formerly under the 
deadly dominion of sin and guilt. Sometimes we see 
individuals in churches and in communities, richly re- 
plenished with grace, animated with noble and ardent 
zeal, and thus becoming, through the signal favour of 
heaven, leaders and champions in reforming, reviving 
and advancing God's earthly kingdom, on a small or an 
extended scale. And sometimes the divine Spirit has 
been afforded abundantly, in dark periods of the world, 
to companies living in retirement and scclu=ion, to en 
able them to resist error, to pre serve " the faith delive" 

U7 



290 H. VIEW OF 

ed to the saints" — that they may become a source oi' 
light, instruction and benefit to their darkened and 
groping fellow men. This, wherever realized, ought 
to be viewed as a work of God's Spirit— a steady and 
prevailing operation of divine grace, against the en- 
croachments of depravity, delusion and guilt. 

VA'e are not competent, with all the lights of divine 
revelation, to delineate with entire accuracy, the sea- 
sons and modes, which the Hily Spirit will observe in 
accomplishing the eternal purposes of grace to men. 
But we are encouraged to believe, that the Son of man 
will, at no distant period, obtain a great victory and en- 
joy a lasting reign in this world over moral and physic- 
al 'evil. In producing this salutary change, the "min- 
istry of reconciliation" will be the principal means em- 
ployed. Missionary associations — Eible and tract soci- 
eties — Sunday schools — institutions for the instruction 
of. thq deaf and dumb — missionary and theological semi- 
naries — prayer meetings — reformation and benevolent 
societies, Avill be made extensively conducive, through 
divine grace, to the promotion and establishment of 
Christ's dominion upon earth. This will be an awaken- 
ing and revival, infinitely extended, exalted and delight- 
ful, bringing boundless glory to God and gladness to 
men. 

A very interesting object to be contemplated in the 
new and highly improved state of morals and religion, 
which we anticipate, is the universal diffusion of divine 
knowledge. The truth of God shall every where 
abound. Now ignorance, error and superstition pre- 
vail, entirely, over a great part of the earth, and hold 
their dominion, lamentably in the most enlightened 
countries. How many nations are without God and 



REVIVALS. U91 

without Christ in the world, sitting in the d;irk vale 
of the shadow of spiritual death, perishing for lack 
of knowledge ! Then, the earth shall be full of the 
knowledge of the tdord as the waters cover the sea.* 
Jesus Christ, now so unknown and neglected, will be 
the object of universal inquiry and admiration. The 
gospel will be possessed and read, by every people and 
in every tongue, us the only source of true wisdom and 
enjoyment: — it will be received and cherished as the 
word of God which worketh effectually in them that be- 
lieve,^ producing faith and penitence, obedience and 
holiness. 

In consequence of the universal diffusion of knowl- 
edge and piety, the principles of justice and benevo- 
lence, will generally prevail among men. Deception 
and violence shall, in a great measure, cease — fraud and 
malice disappear — and the great precept of our Lord 
be universally observed, " Whatsoever ye would that 
men should do to you, do ye even so to them."f How 
delightful, when humanity, forgiveness and mercy, shall 
be as widely diffused as the dews of Heaven ! — What an 
immense improvement in the moral face of things — what 
an accession to the happiness of human society — how 
unlike the dissentions in families and communities which 
distract the world — what an advance towards human 
perfection — how near an approach to the harmony and 
bliss of heaven! 

It will be a season of general peace on earth. The 
prophetic declarations on this subject, are very nume- 
rous and very strong : — " Nations shall beat their 
swords into plough-shares, and their spears into pruning 

* Isai. xi. 9. \l Thes. ii. 13. } Mat vli. 12 



292 a view of 

hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, 
neither shall they learn war anymore.* But they shall 
sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree, and 
none shall make them afraid. f The wolf also shall 
dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with 
the kid, and the calf and the young lion and the falling 
together, and a little child shall lead them."J A great 
part of the earth, is now inhabited by' fierce, savage 
tribes, who delight in war and glory in shedding human 
blood. Ferocity and violence are cherished among 
them as the most honorable characteristics of their na- 
ture, and transmitted as an invaluable heritage, from 
generation to generation. But their savage passions 
shall be subdued by heavenly grace. The peaceful 
Spirit of God shall reign in their hearts and in their 
councils. The plundering Arab — the migratory Tar- 
tar — the barbarous Indian — the debased A frican§ — the 
brutal Hottentot, — the treacherous Malay — shall be 
united to the now civilized nations of the earth in joy- 
ful bonds of harmony, mutual confidence and recipro- 
cal kindness. Civil government will probably exist, in 
this millennial period, but receive much less attention 
than it does at present. It may be, and indeed, it seems 
not improbable, that the whole world will be governed 
as the Jews formerly were, under a Theocracy, God 
himself acting as the Supreme Magistrate and execu- 
ting his holy pleasure, by persons specially called and 
appointed. It seems evident, that there will be very little 
occasion for laws and civil officers, when wickedness shall 

* Isai. ii. 4. Mif. iv. 3. f Mic. iv. 4. \ Isai. xi. Q. 

§ By this is raeaDt more especially the African Negro. 



REV1TALS. -29,'j 

generally cease, and righteousness every where prevail. 
There will arise differences of opinion between indi- 
viduals and communities respecting- property and rights, 
but these differences, it may be reasonably presumed, 
will be, in general, amicably adjusted by referring them 
to the decision of a common earthly umpire, or to God 
himself, who may judge and decide between the parlies. 
If any forms of government and codes of laws shall re- 
main, they will exist, principally, as a terror to the few 
who may persist in doing evil, and they will generally 
lie in a dormant state, ready to be awakened and em- 
ployed, if returning iniquity should require it. 

When we consider that diabolical* influence in tempt- 
ing and deceiving men, will be greatly diminished, if 
not entirely prevented, through this happy period — when 
we reflect how much more constant and vigorous, hu- 
man attention, to divine things, will become, when war, ci- 
vil government, indolent repose and schemes of ambition, 
of pleasure and of vice, shall cease to engross the mind 
and to alienate it from God — and, especially, when we 
realize, how abundantly and triumphantly God will pour 
out his Spirit into the hearts of men — we may reasonably 
expect that Christians will then attain to exalted and un- 
paralleled degrees of holiness and of maturity in every 
pious grace and virtue. The true worship, faithful obe- 
dience and ardent love of God, will occupy the hearts 
and lives of all ranks and ages of men. The acceptable 
incense of unfeigned devotion shall ascend from every 
habitation of men, to the F.dher of mercies. Every 
tongue shall break out in evangelic strains and the whole 
human race, in one grand chorus raise the glad song, 

*Rev. XX 3. 



294 A. VIEW OF 

" Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good 
will to men !" 

Physical changes, corresponding with these moral and 
religious improvements, it appears rational to anticipate. 
When the human race, universally, shall become obedi- 
ent and holy, it is reasonable to suppose, that the ex- 
tremes of heat and cold, of wet and dry, and various 
other evil consequences of sin, will be either totally 
remedied, or experienced in a much smaller degree, 
and that the seasons will become uniformly serene and 
pleasant, and the earth generally productive. It is dif- 
ficult indeed, to conceive how so great a change can be 
speedily produced. But will not the effects of human 
population, industry and ingenuity, carried to perfec- 
tion, be exceedingly great and manifest, in ameliorating 
and beautifying the face of the earth, in changing the ir- 
regularity, and in moderating the severity of the seasons? 
"When the vast forests and thickets, which in some pla- 
ces exist, come to be cut down and cleared out — when 
extensive morasses and swamps, in other places, shall be 
drained — when canals shall be cut, and streams opened, 
for the purpose of carrying off the offensive matter col- 
lected in some places, and to water other dry and thirs- 
ty regions of the earth — when agriculture shall be car- 
ried to the highest possible degree of perfection ; what 
inconceivable changes in the climate and fertility of the 
earth, will not all this create? But if human and ordi- 
nary means are not deemed sufficient to effect the alter- 
ations contemplated, why may we not expect divine in- 
terposition, to "comfort mankind concerning their work 
and the toil of their hands, because of the ground which 
the Lord hath cursed" ?* How easily could he pro* 

* Gen. v. 29. 



REVIVALS. 29i 

duce the greatest changes, by the operation of natural 
causes, without the appearance of any thing miracu- 
lous ? A small alteration in the elements above us, 
might easily produce the happiest consequences, all the 
improvements that we anticipate in the temperature and 
fertility of the globe. A change in the air, in the winds, 
in the dews, in the rains— how extensive might be its 
effects! how extensively might it contribute to bring 
about the ameliorations we predict! how readily might 
it make fountains of living waters break forth in deso- 
late places, and deserts rejoice and blossom as the rose ! 
When the children of men universally, shall be made 
sons of God, shall not the tempests, hurricanes and 
earthquakes, which now with awful voice declare the 
majesty and wrath of God, cease to agitate and desolate 
the earth ? The probability of this happy change in 
the earth, is rendered very strong, by the recollection 
that God, in his providence, has always acted agreeably 
to his ancient determination, to bestow temporal bless- 
ings upon those individuals and nations who were obe- 
dient and holy. He threatened his ancient people with 
earthly judgments, in case they should rebel against 
him : and he promised fruitful seasons, abundance and 
length of days, to those who should be persevering and 
faithful in his service. In administering his govern- 
ment, he acts upon the same principles still. And when 
mankind in general shall, through the grace of God, be 
restored from the ruins of the fall, then will he release 
the earth, in a great measure, from the curse inflicted 
on account of their apostacy from him. It will be 
no more difficult for God to repair the ruins of the earth, 
and to renovate the atmosphere, than it was for him af- 
ter the rebellion of man, whom he had placed on thi? 



"296 A VIEW OF 

globe, to mar its beauty, to interrupt its regular genial 
seasons, and to suspend its constant and universal fertili- 
ty. Thus will be fulfilled the promise of God : — " Be- 
hold, I create new heavens and a new earth : and the 
former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind."*' 

In consequence of the changes predicted, it appears 
highly probable, that men in general will enjoy uniform 
health and long life upon earth. The diseases which 
now afflict and destroy our race, proceed principally 
from the impurity of our atmosphere, the sudden transi- 
tions from heat to cold and wet to dry, and from the ir- 
regularity of our habits. But when uniform mildness 
shall take place in our climate, and regularity appear in 
the course of the seasons — when plenty shall be enjoy- 
ed over the face of the whole earth — and when early, 
habitual and general industry, piety, temperance and 
joy shall prevail — how extensive must be their united 
influence, in promoting length of days, among our frail 
and short lived race ! Then will the prophecy be ful- 
filled : '* As the days of a tree are the days of my peo- 
ple, and mine elect shall long enjoy the work of their 
hands, "f 

Another consequence, of the alterations we expect, 
will be, an immense increase in the population of the 
world. When the days of man shall be lengthened to 
the antediluvian age — when famine and pestilence shall 
no more devour the children of men — when the cor- 
rupt and cruel practices of some eastern nations of de- 
stroying infants and sacrificing adults through vice and 
superstition, shall be abandoned — when wars shall cease, 
and tyrants no more deluge countries in human blood — 

* lsa.bv. 17, f IsB.liv.22 



REVIVALS. 29? 

when pride and excess shall disappear — when the air 
shall be universally pure and healthful, and the earth ex- 
ceedingly productive — when the waters which now 
hide two-thirds of the surface of the globe from our 
view, shall boar along- floating mansions for multitudes 
of our fellow creatures, deriving subsistence from their 
traffic with the surrounding shores, and from the bosom 
of the tranquil deeps beneath — how large indeed will 
be the number of the human race in this long and happy 
period ! 

It is really delightful also to reflect how beautiful man- 
land will generally become in the season of universal 
change and perfect reformation, here contemplated. No 
where do we meet with more striking and affecting dis- 
plays of divine wrath and of human depravity, than in the 
form and face of man. In some, what shocking deformity, 
what horrible expression of brutal passion! — In many, 
what want of regularity, mildness and benevolence ! — 
In most, what weakness and dulness ! — how little of real 
loveliness and goodness! — But in the improved condi- 
tion of things approaching, there will be a surprising 
and delightful amelioration of the human countenance. 
The irregularities and deformities, which now appear, 
proceed from the operation of disease and vice, either 
on the individuals possessing them, or from their previ- 
ous effects upon the parents. But when health, activi- 
ty, frugality, intelligence and piety shall all operate 
from early life and be continued from generation to 
generation, — what regular proportion, what elegance 
and dignity, of form — in the countenance, what sereni- 
ty, what perfection of features, what symmetry of parts, 
whatglowand colouring — inthe eye, what sparkling and 
animation, what intelligence and expression — on the 

38 



298 SKETCH OF 

whole, what elevated and transporting beauty in man, 
must result Horn the operation of so many causes! — 
Then will men probably recover in a considerable de- 
gree, their primeval form and comeliness. However, 
although delightful, beyond expression, to every be- 
holder, yet will tins consummate beauty be liuie val- 
ued. 

A great and corresponding- chance will take place in 
the occupations and employments of men. No arts of 
war will then be studied. There will be few physicians 
and probably no professors of the law. With regard to 
dancing masters, theatres, and stage players, the scene 
wit! be closed. Teachers of the truth and ministers of 
the gospel will be very numerous and highly honoured. 
Innocent and industrious traders from land to land will 
probably exist. There will be constant necessity for 
mechanical skill and labour. Cultivators of the earth 
will every where abound. But the chief business 
which will interest the feelings and occupy the hearts 
of mortals will be the service, the love, and the praise 
of God and the Redeemer. 

How delightful and animating the prospect with 
which Christian faith and hope are here presented ! 
Are then these grand results, these inestimable blessings, 
en the condition of mankind, to proceed from the gene- 
ral diffusion of the grace of God ? And is this to be 
promoted, by the diligent and faithful use of the means 
of grace which God has appointed in connexion with 
the sincere, fervent and persevering prayers of Zion 
and of all her children ? — In whose heart, is not the 
strong desire for this glorious event already enkindled ! 
Whose lips shall not utter fervently and constantly the 
evangelic prayer " Thy kingdom come"? "Even so, 
come Lord Jesus !" Amen. 



NOTE I. 

IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYING GOOD 
ENGLISH TEACHERS. 



Teachers of English schools have in many situations 
great opportunity, by their example and conversation, 
to influence the opinions and conduct of both parents 
and children. In general, they enjoy free access to the 
persons and families of those whose children they in- 
struct: — they often possess a degree of intelligence and 
shrewdness which give them some influence, even when 
radically corrupt : — and they are often, especially in 
retired places, among uncultivated people, who do not 
discriminate character nicely, considered in some de- 
gree as standards of correct principle and deportment. 
Their influence with the children, which is more certain 
and extensive, arises from their relation to them, au- 
thority over them, and constant intercourse with them. 
Peculiar care should therefore be exercised, by those 
who have the superintendence of these important insti- 
tutions, to prevent unprincipled, ignorant and vicious 
teachers, whose influence may be so pernicious in prop- 
agating error and vice, trom being employed in them. 
Trustees and all persons concerned in schools, should 
endeavour as far as possible, to engage, for teachers, 
men of such moral principles and habits, as they would 



300 IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYING 

wish their own children to acquire. The impression? 
and biases of children in regard to moral conduct, are 
received and formed very early. They are strongly 
prone to imitation. They will gradually conform 
themselves to the example which is daily exhibited be- 
fore their eyes, by one, whom they are taught to respect 
and obey. When children find themselves placed un- 
der the control and culture of immoral men, it is nei- 
ther unnatural nor difficult, for them to draw the infer- 
ence, that their parents and guardians care very little 
about good principles and habits, provided their chil- 
dren progress in their education : — this inference once 
made, respect for their parents and friends around them, 
and the natural propensity to evil, will lead to another 
more pernicious, that moral principles and virtues are 
things of little value, in themselves; and then these 
young learners and reasoners are prepared to become 
prompt imitators of vice, and apt disciples in the school 
of iniquity. 

Besides, what security is there, in employing men of 
corrupt morals, or even of suspicious character, that 
they will conscientiously and faithfully endeavour, to 
forward their little pupils in obtaining the elements of 
education. How great must the difference be, in the 
discharge of the duties of their station, between teach- 
ers who have no characters to support, who are desti- 
tute of moral principle, and whose minds are already 
broken down and their hearts hardened by vice — and 
teachers who have a character at stake and prospects 
before them, whose powers and feelings, principles and 
hopes, are alive and active ! Whenever a teacher is 
wanted, one ought to be sought for who possesses the 
necessary moral as well as literary qualifications — a 



GOOD ENGLISH TEACHERS. 301 

man who will probably be actuated not merely by a 
regard to present convenience, interest or necessity, but 
by a regard to character, by just views of his own fu- 
ture interests, by feelings of rectitude and a sense of 
duty. Negligence on this subject is often attended 
with (he most injurious and unhappy consequences* 



NOTE J. 

PROPRIETY OF USING THE BIBLE IN 
ENGLISH SCHOOLS. 



It cannot be too deeply and seriously regretted, that the 
Bible h:is been, so generally, excluded from common 
use, in our English schools, and that many judicious 
and even pious people, should have, unwisely and un- 
happily, concurred in this infidel measure, unconscious 
of its corrupt origin and destructive tendency. 

"What book is so suitable to be put into the hands of a 
child, as the Sacred Scriptures ? — Children very early 
manifest a degree of curiosity, respecting the origin, the 
history, and the destination, of this world, which, from the 
Bible, may be fully, agreeably and profitably, gratified. 
Here also are revealed those sacred truths, and princi- 
ples of duty, a knowledge of which it is of the highest 
importance, that their uninformed and susceptible 
minds, should very early acquire. The grandeur, nov- 
elty and variety contained in sacred history, are found 
to be, in general, extremely interesting to young minds. 
No other book presents scenes so tender and affecting as 
many recorded in the Old and New Testament. Thestyle 
and language of Scripture, are various, adapted peculiar- 
ly to the different capacities, ages and improvements of 
children and youth: and in general the plainness, of 
the truths conveyed, corresponds with the simplicity of 



304 PROPRIETT OF USING THE BIBLE 

the style. A judicious and attentive teacher can, there- 
fore profitably, use the sacred volume for the purpose of 
teaching his little learners how to read ; and he may 
lead them gradually onward and upward, as they ad- 
vance in years, knowledge and reflection. The divine 
account of the work of creation and of the fall of man, 
of the life of the patriarchs and of the first migrations 
and settlements of men, is wonderfully simple and easy 
to be understood. The book of Proverbs abounds with 
wisdom and piety, in so plain, concise and comprehen- 
sive a form, that a child of few years, may here by a 
mere exercise of memory, acquire in a few short senten- 
ces, a most valuable mass of useful knowledge, on eve- 
ry subject, of human life and conduct. The Psalms of 
David are pious, familiar and devout, calculated to 
teach the infant tongue to utter the penitential com- 
plaint, the prayer of faith and the praises of God. 
The gospel history possesses every quality necessary to 
please and interest, to inform and affect, to impress and 
improve, the youngest and most untutored reader. The 
writings of the prophets are figurative, elevated and 
sublime in sentiment and expression, adapted to strong- 
er powers and higher improvements. The Epistles of 
Paul, which exhibit the mighty movements of a strong 
and inspired intellect, exploring and developing diffi- 
cult and solemn subjects, afford scope for the exercise 
of more vigour and cultivation of mind. The Bible, so 
full of every thing sacred, attracting and useful, can be 
purchased on terms incomparably more cheap and ad- 
vantageous than any other book. Considerations of 
propriety and interest, of utility and duty, call there- 
fore imperiously for the restoration of the sacred vol- 
ume to common use as a school book. 



IN ENGLISH SCHOOLS. 30/i 

God iu infinite wisdom and mercy is now remedying 
the evils resulting from human delusion and remissness 
on this subject, by causing Bibles to be multiplied and 
diffused with great abundance and rapidity through ev- 
ery part of our land and through the whole world. 
While we co-operate with God and associate with men, 
in this great and benevolent work, shall we not give the 
sacred volume to our dear children as soon as they be- 
come capable of acquiring a knowledge of its sacred 
truths? 

The objection sometimes urged, that children acquire 
a disrespect and disgust for the Bible, by being com- 
pelled to use it, so much, in the beginning and progress 
of their education, is believed to be unsupported by fact 
and by rational reflection. The knowledge they thus 
obtain, has a direct tendency to form in their minds cor- 
rect views and favourable impressions respecting reveal- 
ed truth and human duty, and often produces effects 
most salutary and happy to them through life. The 
truth is, with regard to the greater part of those chil- 
dren who compose common country schools, the knowl- 
edge of the Bible which they thus acquire, by reading 
it as an exercise, is almost the only knowledge they ev- 
er obtain, of this inestimable volume. How inconceiv- 
ably important then is it, that it should be daily in theii 
hands, through all their period of instruction ! — In rela- 
tion to others of more favoured circumstances and bet- 
ter prospects, the knowledge of sacred truth thus ac- 
quired, and the familiar acquaintance, with scripture 
history and scripture language, thus obtained, facilitate 
all their subsequent religious studies, and lay a founda- 
tion for the most interesting and useful improvements 
in the knowledge of God, and of his revealed will. 

39 



NOTE K. 



EXCELLENCE OF THE BIBLE CLASS SYSTEM, 



Among the numerous plans that have been devised and 
adopted, in recent years, for the diffusion of scriptural 
knowledge, for the propagation of evangelic principles, 
and the promotion of pure morals, among all classes of 
people and especially among the youth, there is none 
which promises advantages, so immediate, important 
and extensive, as that of " forming classes of young 
people for studying and reciting the Bible." 

The subjects of instruction suggested in the recom- 
mendation of the general assembly, are very various 
and comprehensive — suited to the different ages, capa- 
cities, improvements, and circumstances, of the pupils. 
The particular manner of conducting this new and im- 
proved department of pious education, is judiciously 
left to the discretion of those who may have the super- 
intendence and management of it, in individual cases. 
But under whatever different modifications it may be 
attempted, if the spirit of the system be retained and 
cherished — if the plan be generally adopted and pursu- 
ed with any considerable degree of care and persever- 
ance, it will produce results most beneficial to the 
minds and manners of the classes themselves, and gradu- 
ally on the whole body of the church and state of soci- 
ety. 



308 EXCELLENCE OF Till; 

If knowledge be desirable, the noblest, the purest 
and the best knowledge, is most desirable. If this 
knowledge be important either for the purpose of use- 
fulness or of enjoyment, of being guarded against error 
and vice, or established and advanced in ways of well 
doing, the sooner it is acquired the better. 

" Wherewith shall a young man cleanse his way ? By 
taking heed thereto according to thy word." Ps. 116. 

Is there not a strong propensity in the great mass of 
Christian people, to derive their religious knowledge 
and faith, credulously and implicitly, from the repre- 
sentations of men, and the public discourses of ministers 
of the gospel, without " searching the Scriptures, wheth- 
er those things are so V — This system of instruction, so 
far as introduced, tends to bring all concerned as teach- 
ers or learners, of every age, directly to the original 
source of knowledge and fountain of true light, to see 
with their own eyes and learn with their own under- 
standings. 

Is it not found from experience and observation, that 
far the greater part of persons in the inferior and even 
middle ranks of fortune, who become heads of families 
and engaged in the cares of the world, enjoy very little 
opportunity for acquiring knowledge and for general im- 
provement — that from want of early habits of attention 
and some elementary principles of pious cultivation, on 
which to commence, they have very little inclination and 
capacity for study — and that consequently, they remain in 
general deplorably destitute of this most useful and in- 
dispensable knowledge ? This plan of instruction is in- 
tended and calculated to remedy these evils — to store 
the youthful mind with these elementary principles — 
to create these early habits of inquiry and reflection — 



BIBLE CLASS SYSTEM. 309 

and thus to furnish and prepare men to proceed with 
rase and comfort, in the various relations and duties of 
life. 

Is it not obvious, that the ministry of reconciliation, 
to be received and enjoyed in all its excellence and ad- 
vantage, requires previous acquaintance with the sub- 
jects of public discussion and in various respects, pre- 
paratory, culture and discipline, of the mind and char- 
acter ? — How admirably is the method here proposed, 
calculated to furnish the improvements, dispositions and 
qualifications necessary, profitably to attend on the 
preaching of the gospel ! 

Is it desirable, as far as possible to give uniformity, in 
faith and practice, in form and spirit, to the Presby- 
terian Church and body ? What could more happily 
and effectually tend to make them of one heart and mind, 
than this mode, of instruction, commenced and continued 
through the whole church, by pastors and teachers, for 
the most part, possessing similar views of Scripture his- 
tory and doctrine, and formed on the same evangelic 
Christian model ! — 

Perhaps one of the greatest advantages resulting from 
this study will consist in bringing youth, early, to em- 
ploy their thoughts on serious and sacred subjects, to 
search the Scriptures, inquire into their meaning and 
reflect upon their excellence and importance. By the 
study of the divine word, the youthful mind may be 
early brought to possess just and elevating views of the 
infinite God, in his works of creation providence and 
grace — be disposed and enabled to trace his wisdom, 
power and beneficence through the lapse of past ages — 
and be led to recognise Jehovah in the revolutions and 
events of every year and bear within it solemn impres- 






S10 EXCELLENCE OF THI 

sionsofhis infinite perfection and awful majesty. In 
this manner the subjects of duty, the realities of futu- 
rity, and the idea of personal concern in this great sys- 
tem of revelation, will be made more near and impres- 
sive to the understanding and heart. 

From a general view of the subject, and from several 
years experience of its operation on the youthful pupil, 
is there not also good reason to hope that the Bible stu- 
dy may be made a substitute for many of the vain and 
frivolous amusements, whose prevalence is so detri- 
mental and deplorable? How delightful would it be, 
could the subjects of Bible recitation be made the theme 
of social converse and friendly interview, in the occa- 
sional meetings and assemblies of the young ! i 

Christian pastors, who faithfully pursue this plan of 
instruction, will soon have the happiness to see around 
them, considerable numbers of individuals, instructed 
and accomplished in the most important and useful 
truth, intelligent and agreeable companions and able 
assistants in their arduous cares. Besides, from the gra- 
cious manner in which God has regarded and prospered 
this measure, in many instances already, is there not en- 
couragement to hope, that it will prove an efficient in- 
strument, to prepare the way of the Lord, to facilitate 
and promote the work of the ministry, to build up the 
church of Christ, and to accomplish God's purposes of 
grace to man? 

The church will have reason to rejoice in the change 
produced by this system, wherever it is faithfully pursu- 
ed. Her sons and daughters will be better instructed 
in the things of Christ's kingdom. Her affairs will be 
conducted in a more prudent and successful manner. 
Her institutions will be more highly estimated because 



BIBLB CLASS SYSTEM. 311 

better [understood. Her necessities will be more 
promptly and abundantly supplied, from men enlighten- 
ed . rid liberalized, by a correct knowledge, of the gos- 
pel plan, and of ecclesiastical ordinances and privileges. 

The Bible presents to learners of every age, capacity 
and taste, subjects of inconceivable vastness, variety 
and interest. It commends itself to the attention, by in- 
numerable charms and attractions, to be found no where 
else. The opinion of Sir William Jones, one of the 
most learned and excellent men of his age, ought to in- 
fluence every judgment on this subject. " I have regu- 
larly and attentively read," says he, "the Holy Scrip- 
tures, and am of opinion that this volume, independent- 
ly of its divine origin, contains more sublimity and beau- 
ty, purer morality, more important history, and finer 
strains of poetry and eloquence, than can be collected 
from all other books, in whatever age or language they 
may have been composed." 

Finally, as the principal ground, upon which this vol- 
ume demands human attention, and is recommended to 
be made the subject of youthful study, let it be remem- 
bered, that it is of divine origin — that it contains a per- 
fect system of sacred truth — a revelation of divine wis- 
dom and grace, to a world in darkness and ruins — a re- 
cord of events, perhaps, the most astonishing, admirable 
and glorious, which the universe has over beheld, or 
will behold. 



NOTE L. 



DIALOGUES ON THE AFRICAN COLONY, 

The following- conversations, taken from " The Un- 
ion" of June 1818, upon the subject of colonizing the 
free people of colour, on the western coast of Africa, 
contain a comprehensive and candid view, of that be- 
nevolent and interesting enterprise : — 

Dialogues between William Perm, Paul Cuffee, and 
Absalom Jones. 

Paul Cuffee. — At least, Mr. Penn, in this world of 
5pirits to which we have hoav attained, it is of no ad- 
vantage or disadvantage to us, that while we remained 
on earth we were shone upon by a milder or more 
burning sun, and that our complexion was of a darker 
or lighter hue. Distinctions and prejudices arising out 
of such trivial circumstances as the colour of a skin or 
the peculiar form of our features, are not recognised or 
allowed in Paradise, where the happiness we enjoy is 
proportioned only to the good which we have done in 
life, and the purity of those motives that influenced our 
conduct. 

Penn. — Yes, Mr. Cuffee, I assure you it affords me a 
very high degree of enjoyment to perceive prevalent in 
this world, the same kind and humane spirit which I mv- 

40 



314 DIALOGUES ON 

self, while alive, endeavoured to cultivate towards all 
men, and which I may with truth, and without flattery, 
(for this is out of the question here) affirm to be the dis- 
tinguishing characteristic of that denomination of Chris- 
tians to which I belonged. It is truly a most interest- 
ing and refreshing sight to angels, as well as the spirits 
of just men, to see you and Mr. Jones mingling in unre- 
strained intercourse with the Divines, the Sages, Philoso- 
phers and worthies of every age and nation. I shall 
shortly have the pleasure of introducing you to the bish- 
ops Cyprean and Augustine, two of the greatest orna- 
ments, and brightest lights of the ancient church, to- 
gether with a numerous body of no less illustrious cler- 
gy, who like you once sustained the rigour, and were 
marked with the impressions of an African climate. — 
They are, on that account, no less highly estimated in 
this place. 

Absalom Jojies. — Having just ascended to these 
realms, from a city which will ever endear its memory 
to the wise and good, no less for its charitable institu- 
tions generally, than for the efforts it has made in behalf 
of the African race, I assure you, Mr. Penn, it is with 
emotions which cannot be expressed, that I approach 
the founder of one of the greatest American states, and 
the Father of thatgoodand amiable people who commen- 
ced its settlement under his auspices. In behalf of that 
afflicted and persecuted race to which I belonged, I 
here tender you, and through you, that humane portion 
of Christians who pitied and hospitably received us, our 
grateful and most cordial acknowledgments. The re- 
membrance of the kindness we have experienced from 
the Philadelphians, will never be obliterated from our 



THE AFRICAN COLONY. 31a 

minds; as long as our hearts shall beat, it will be with 
gratitude for such acts of disinterestedness and humanity. 

Perm. — I still reflect with the greatest complacency 
and satisfaction upon the good which I did while on 
earth, and the recollection of it enhances the enjoy- 
ment of my perfect state. From the time in which I 
made my first peaceful purchase of lands from the na- 
tives, the whole tenour of my proceedings, and the 
warmest wish of my heart, were to unite my fellow-citi- 
zens in the bonds of amity and good will. 

Cuffee. — Never was there a nobler object presented 
to the view, Mr. Penn, than that which you exhibited, 
when, instead of acting the part of a Cortez or a Pizarro, 
in exterminating the original inhabitants to gain posses- 
sion of their lands, you were seen respecting the rights 
of ignorance and imbecility, acknowledging the claims 
of justice even towards those who were strangers to its 
laws, and treating amicably with savages for their terri- 
tories. It was in a similar spirit of humanity and benev- 
olence that the inhabitants of that city which you had the 
honour to found, received with hospitality and kindness, 
and sheltered from outrage and oppression, the houseless 
sons of Africa. For acts of such disinterested and noble 
virtue, no doubt there are laid up in store for them the 
choicest blessings of heaven. 

Penn. — It is a subject of the highest gratification to 
me, to find that my successors have so faithfully imbi- 
bed my sentiments and imitated my example. They are 
certainly entitled to the highest praise in having furnish- 
ed an asylum to that enslaved and persecuted race ; and 
that Being who beholds with an equal eye the whole 
family of mankind, and dispenses justice to them with a 
steady and impartial hand, will not fail to send them a 



316 dialogues osr 

large and ample recompense; but -what news is this 
which has been lately circulated through the courts of 
heaven, having reference to a scheme in agitation of 
sending the Africans back again to their own country ? 
It is fervently to be hoped that no further violence or 
cruelty will be attempted against them. 

Cuffee. — By no means. The plan to which you al- 
lude, instead of being calculated to inflict still further 
injuries upon them, is one of the most beneficent that 
human genius could have devised, or celestial charity 
herself have dictated — It is calculated to restore to the 
race of Africa all the losses they have sustained ; heal 
their wounds : make reparation for their injuries ; rein- 
state them in the honours of their nature ; retrieve 
their sullied glory ; and convert their greatest curse 
into the most signal blessing to themselves and to the 
world. 

Pe?in. — Explain your meaning, for I must confess my- 
self in the dark as to any train of causes which could 
lead to the results you mention — In what consists a 
scheme replete with such numerous advantages ? 

Cvffee. — The plan referred to was projected before 
my death, and I was among the number of its most sin- 
cere and zealous advocates (and God forbid that I 
should have been an advocate of any thing injurious to 
coloured men) is simply to send over a colony of free 
people of colour to take possession of some eligible post 
upon the Western Coast of Africa, say Sierra Leone, on 
the Congo, the Gambia or Senegal ; in order, that form- 
ing a settlement in this part, they may gradually extend 
themselves over the whole continent, and carry with 
them into tint barbarous portion of the globe, the arts 
and improvements, the religion and laws of civilized so- 



1HK AFRICAN COLONY. ."{17 

ciety — It is calculated that if a colony of this nature 
was once planted upon that coast, the whole of the col- 
oured population in America would gradually flock to 
their standard, and thus many objects of the highest na- 
tional importance would be accomplished. By this 
means the United States would relieve themselves from 
their deepest national sin, that of slavery ; and to which 
they may be assured, while they allow it to rest upon 
their reputation, there is annexed a curse, either imme- 
diate or remote in the stores of heaven's justice — a 
whole nation would be released from bondage and re- 
stored to the land of their forefathers, a continent hither- 
to inaccessible at once to the researches of science, and 
the advance of civilization, would be explored and civ- 
ilized ; the institutions of political freedom, and the be- 
nign influence of the gospel extended over that most 
dreary and benighted corner of the earth. 

Penn. — Surely, upon the first blush of the question 
these would seem to be objects worthy of any exertions 
to obtain them, and the project a most noble and sub- 
lime one ; but what are the opinions and feelings of the 
Africans themselves about it ? 

Cuffce. — Upon this point, I have to regret, that al- 
though their interests in the matter would appear so 
clear and undeniable, yet there is the greatest diversi- 
ty of sentiment about it, and that too among the most 
respectable and intelligent portion of them. Some are 
in favour of it, while others oppose it with the utmost 
vehemence and violence. 

Penn. — I take it for granted that nothing like force 
or coercion is contemplated in the affair, and that it 
will be left entirely at their discretion whether or not 
they will accept of the proposal for emigration. 



318 DIALOGUES ON 

Cujfee. — Undoubtedly— nothing like constraint or 
compulsion has ever been contemplated for a moment. 

Penn. — Mr. Jones, as you have just left this people, 
you must be acquainted with their opinions arid views 
upon this affair, pray inform us of them. What are the 
objections which they are in the habit of alleging 
against a project so feasible in itself, and which, in its 
execution, promises the attainment of objects so flatter- 
ing to their vanity, so likely to be useful at no very re- 
mote period, and so gratifying to their laudable ambi- 
tion. 

Jib.' Jones. — It is difficult to comprise in a few words 
the views of the coloured people in reference to this sub- 
ject. A majority of those with whom I was in habits 
of intercourse and intimacy were greatly averse from 
the measure, but their opposition sprang out of feelings 
and considerations as diversified as their dispositions and 
characters. They never allude to the subject but with 
the most lively sensibility, and their language, when 
speaking of it, is often tinctured with bitterness and 
reproach. Some hesitate not to declaim against the 
whole project at colonization as only a veiled attempt 
forcibly to get rid of them, or as the entering wedge to 
a system of ulterior measures that shall cruelly drive 
them from a country, in which, after many sufferings, 
they are beginning to feel themselves at home ; and 
again let them loose on an inhospitable shore, where 
they shall either perish with famine, or be destroyed by 
the sword. Almost all agree, that it is a case of ex- 
treme hardship, indeed, now that a portion of them are 
released from bondage, and are every day becoming 
more and more contented with their condition, which is 
evidently improving, a plan should be projected, calcu- 



THE AFRICAN COLONY. 319 

lated, for a time at least, to renew their hardships and 
sufferings, and perhaps, in the issue, expose them to 
evils more insupportable than any they have yet sus- 
tained. 

Prnn. — If these are their sentiments, undoubtedly 
they should be respected, and the utmost delicacy 
should be displayed in the future proceedings of the 
white people towards them. They have already been 
sufficiently outraged and trampled upon, and it is high 
time that they should be allowed to resume the rights of 
human nature. 

Jib. Jones. — When speaking upon this subject, both 
in private conversation, and in their public meetings, 
which have been held upon it, they break forth into that 
natural and impassioned eloquence which has a thou- 
sand times more effect upon the heart and affections, and 
more powerfully propels mankind to action, than the 
most laboured and highly finished specimens of oratory. 
What ! they are perpetually exclaiming — is it not 
enough that the white people have been, century after 
century, indulging in that nefarious traffic in human 
flesh, that, to glut an insatiable avarice, they have been 
in the habit of stimulating those savage tribes to hostili- 
ty with each other, in order that they might purchase 
from them, like sheep and oxen, the captives taken in 
war — that, in this impious commerce, the ties of nature 
and the sacred voice of humanity have been disregard- 
ed — husbands and wives, sisters and brothers, parents 
and children, being severed from each other ! Is it not 
enough that when our forefathers were thus transferred, 
by the foulest iniquity, into the hands of unfeeling mas- 
ters, torn from the embraces of friends, from the sweets 
of home, and the innumerable recollections of country 



320 DIALOGUES ON 

and kindred, that croud around the heart at parting, 
they Avere crammed into the hold? of vessels, condemn- 
ed to breathe a pestilential air, and live upon bread and 
water, during a long and tedious voyage? Is it not 
enough that, after they had passed through scenes too 
afflictive to be thought of without anguish, upon their 
arrival in America, they should have found that these 
things were to them but the beginning of sorrows, but 
the prelude to evils still more intolerable — that they 
should again have been exposed to sale, like beasts of 
burthen, in the markets of America, where the purchas- 
ers were equally as before, deaf to the claims of nature 
and of kindred? Is it not enough that our forefathers, 
when thus conveyed into the hands of their masters, have 
been compelled to hard labour both day and night, 
amidst the snows of winter and the burning sun of sum- 
mer, half fed and half clothed, sometimes up to their 
waists in water in the rice fields and stagnant ponds ; 
and all this time under the lash of unfeeling overseers, 
who for the slightest provocations, beat, scourge with 
rods, and if perchance the unhappy victims escape for a 
moment from their oppression by flying to the woods 
and wilds, pursue them with savage fury, hunt them 
down, and destroy them like wild beasts ? Is it not 
enough 

Venn. — I perceive, Mr. Jones, you are overcome with 
emotion. The picture is surely enough to melt the 
heart of a savage. Can it be possible that such things 
have taken place in an age of light, in a (ree country, 
and under the influence of a religion which breathes 
peace on earth and good will to men ? 

Ah. Jones. — I have yet related to you but a very small 
part of our sad story. It would require volumes to re 



THE AFHI6AN C0L0NV. o21 

cord the history of the wrongs and sorrows of colour- 
ed people. The recital would make every fibre of the 
heart bleed with agony. Let us now rather endeavour 
to conceal these miserable objects with a veil of pa- 
tience and forgiveness. But after the African race 
have sustained such unnumbered injuries and outrages 
— when they have been bruised, as it were, in the wine- 
press of Heaven's wrath, depressed and trodden under 
the feet of men, just at the moment when they are begin- 
ning once more to lift up their heads, when their chains 
are falling off them from the influence of the Genius 
of Freedom, and they are every day becoming more 
and more contented with their condition, happy in them- 
selves and respected by others, shall they again have 
their labours and sufferings renewed, be set adrift upon 
a hazardous and tempestuous sea, in which they know 
not what storms may arise, and Avhat quicksands may 
absorb them? Forbid it, Heaven! Forbid it, Genius of 
American Freedom ! Forbid it, Spirit of Benevolence 
and Humanity ! 

Penn. — You speak with great vehemence and earnest- 
ness; and it is certain that your feelings towards a race 
to which you were once united by so many sympathies, 
are natural and praiseworthy; and I must confess that 
my mind is in a state of too much excitement, from the 
picture you have drawn, to enable me to decide upon 
this matter with an unbiased judgment. Let us, there- 
fore postpone the further prosecution of the subject for 
the present. After more mature reflection, and after I 
shall have consulted with Washington, and other hu- 
mane and illustrious shades in paradise, I shall be able 
to deliver a more digested and accurate opinion about it, 

1t 



322 DIALOGUES ON 

Dialogue Second. 

penn. — Well, Mr. CufFee and Mr. Jones, after more 
mature reflection, what do you still continue to think 
of the subject which we began to discuss in our former 
conversation, in reference to sending a colony to Afri- 
ca, of the free people of colour? 

Ah. Jones. — My sentiments about it are unaltered, and 
my determination to oppose it unshaken. 

Cuffee. — And I, the more 1 reflect upon the subject, 
feel more and more deeply impressed with the convic- 
tion, that it would be the most beneficial scheme that 
human genius could devise, or human powers execute, 
in behalf of the African race. What is the opinion to 
which you have come, Mr. Penn, after the profound at- 
tention and impartial consideration, which, I doubt not, 
you have bestowed upon this point? 

Penn. — After consultation with Washington, and ma- 
ny other distinguished men, who, while on earth, were 
the deliverers of their country, and champions of the 
rights and liberties of mankind, I have entirely satisfied 
my mind as to its expediency and advantage. They are 
all, without exception, warmly interested in the success 
of the undertaking. 

Cuffee. — I am much gratified with finding that an 
opinion I have so zealously espoused, is sanctioned by 
such high authority. This result, however, I had good 
reason to anticipate : as the measure, it is well known, 
meets with the decided approbation and encouragement 
of the most respectable patriots and statesmen of Ameri- 
ca; and we find, moreover, acting at the head of the 
society instituted to promote it, a statesman who is the 



PHE AFRICAN COLONY. 323 

heir at once of the estate, the name, and the public esti- 
mation of Washington — and whose talents, virtues and 
amiable character, render him worthy to succeed, in all 
these titles, his illustrious relative. 

A'>. Jones. — After hearing the opinions of so many 
eminent men upon this matter, I ought surely to feel 
some diffidence of the soundness of my own views, and 
the justness of my own conceptions about it. But real- 
ly, it is matter of surprise and astonishment to me, that 
you two, considering the acknowledged benevolence 
and humanity of your characters, should allow your- 
selves to he betrayed into acquiescence in a measure, 
which you must perceive will at once deprive the Af- 
rican race of all the comforts which some of them are 
now enjoying, and again renew their toils, their hard- 
ships and sorrows. Our race have contributed their due 
proportion of toil, though with but little enjoyment of the 
profits, to transform this western world, and more espe- 
cially the southern division of it, from being the abode 
of savages and beasts of prey, into the beautiful residence 
of improved and civilized man ; and shall they not now 
become partakers of the benefits, reap the fruits of their 
own toils? — Some of them were found in the ranks of 
the American army during the revolutionary war, and 
it was never asserted, that they were deficient in spirit 
and activity. Shall they now be transported, like con- 
victs, from a country whose battles they have assisted 
in fighting, and in whose struggles for independence, 
they so deeply sympathised? 

Penn. — I again repeat that I would consent to no- 
thing that should wear the slightest appearance of force 
or compulsion in the affair. Let the sacrifices they 
must make, if the colony contemplated is established, 



H24 DIALOGUES ON 

be a free and voluntary offering of their own, and made 
from a regard to the immense benefits which will result 
to themselves and the world. At the same time, howev- 
er that I am willing to admit that some sacrifices are to 
be made and some difficulties encountered in accom- 
plishing this enterprize, yet let us not delude or terrify 
ourselves by exaggerated representations of them, by 
picturing to our minds scenes of visionary suffering, or 
imagine that as soon as the Africans engage in this un- 
dertaking, they are to make their way towards its exe- 
cution only along dangerous precipices, and by plung- 
ing into gulfs of horror. For my part, I can perceive 
nothing so extremely formidable in the projected expe- 
dition, or that the coloured men who shall engage in it 
are likely to meet with anymore difficulties and hard- 
ships than those which were encountered by me and 
those who united with me in forming a settlement in 
Pennsylvania. What is the plan in contemplation? 
Let us endeavour to form clear and distinct ideas about 
it ; to ascertain its nature and extent ; before we allow 
our minds to be filled with chimerical fears, and to be de- 
terred from the design by indiscriminating invectives 
against it. As far as I can understand the matter, there 
is nothing that can prove the slightest cause of anxiety 
or alarm to the people who are concerned, but every 
thing to awake the most cheering hopes and kindle 
them into enthusiasm in its favour. From the most 
exact calculations that have been made, it is concluded 
that there must be at this time in the U. S. a million and 
a half of coloured people— Of this immense number we 
will suppose one hundred thousand to be free men, 
Now, out of this million and a half of coloured people 
and this hundred thousand free men, all that would be 



THE AFRICAN' COLON*'. 325 

necessary to enter upon this undertaking- would be 
about 10,000, that is one tenth of the number of those that 
are free, and the one hundred and fiftieth part of the 
whole number at present in the territories of the United 
States. These 10,000 being- provided with food to sup- 
port them and carrying with them the implements of hus- 
bandry, can without material difficulty, be planted upon 
the Western coast of Africa, and as soon as the settle- 
ment becomes flourishing, will gradually attract to it the 
remainder of the coloured people, who would find it 
their interest and happiness to join them. Is this an 
enterprize so very hopeless, or which is calculated to 
excite so much and such serious alarm? More than 
half the globe has been peopled in a similar way. 
Greece was originally peopled by colonies from the 
East ; Italy by those from Asia ; Carthage from Tyre ; 
our own hemisphere we know has been entirely popu- 
lated by this kind of emigration from the old world — 
The history of man is pregnant with examples of expe- 
ditions much more hazardous, and undertaken for far 
less important objects. What is this when compared to 
the passage round the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco 
de Gama ; to the discovery of America by Columbus ; 
or to the expedition at this moment in a train of pre- 
paration in England to visit the North pole and con- 
tend with the mountains of ice and the numberless perils 
of these frozen regions ? Are the Africans willing to 
allow themselves the only nation incapable of great and 
noble exertions? 

Ah. Jones. — If it should be thought advisable by the 
coloured people to emigrate from a land in which they 
have now become domesticated, why not allow them 
to settle in this country upon the banks of the MiVissip* 



Jliti DIALOGUES ON 

pi or Missouri, where they would feel themselves in 
the midst of friends and the comforts of civilized life, 
instead of having them transported to the wilds of a 
barren and savage land? 

Penn. — Insuperable objections at once present them- 
selves against a plan of this nature — The stream of 
white population flows so strongly in that direction, 
that nothing probably could arrest its progress. If the 
Africans, therefore, were to commence a settlement 
here, they would not long be permitted quietly to pos- 
sess their lands. The same scenes would immediately 
be exhibited between them and the whites as are every- 
day acted at this time between these and the Indians. 
The ultimate consequence would be the utter ruin and 
extinction of the colony, from the wars that would be 
provoked by mutual injuries and aggressions. No — 
Perhaps no part of the globe could be fixed upon bet- 
ter suited to the purpose in view than that which has 
been selected. Instead of a barren soil, an intolerable 
climate, and a dreary wild, they would find along the 
banks of the Gambia, the Senegal or the Congo, a 
temperature of the air suited by the God of nature to 
their constitutions, and one of the richest and most fer- 
tile territories upon earth. If nature has, indeed 
stretched upon the face of Africa the wide and sandy 
desert of Zaara, where scarcely a shrub can grow, or 
an animal subsist, with her usual equity and benignity, 
for this deficiency she has afforded it a compensation in 
those happy regions in which whole nations subsist by 
little more than the spontaneous productions of the 
earth. 

Ah. Jones.— But, supposing all you say to be true, 
and that this colony might easily be planted, and would 



J HE AFRICAN' COLONY. 327 

become flourishing, where is the necessity or advantage 
of a removal to the race of Africa? They are becom- 
ing- every day more and more contented and happy. 
Efforts are continually made to procure their gradual 
emancipation; schools are erected for their education; 
there is nothing to prevent them from practising those 
useful arts, either of agriculture, commerce, or manu- 
facture, or engaging in those mechanical employments 
by which they may be enriched, and thus their condi- 
tion still farther meliorated. Whence the necessity of 
their leaving a country to which they have now become 
attached by long habits, and in which their means of 
comfortable subsistence and their modes of living are 
constantly improving ? 

Penn. — I perceive that your prejudices and prepos- 
sessions upon this subject are extremely strong, if not 
insuperable, and that it is a very arduous attempt to 
subdue or remove them. Nevertheless, in so important 
a business, I will not despair of success. Let us en- 
deavour, as far as possible, to divest our minds of every 
bias that influences them against the suggestions of rea- 
son, and enter upon the cool and dispassionate investi- 
gation of this point. After having well digested the 
matter, considered it on all sides, and in all imaginable 
points of light, canvassed every thing that can be alleg- 
ed in recommendation or in opposition to it, I think 
that the arguments in its favour most decidedly and 
greatly preponderate. 

Ab. Jones. — Let us hear them then ; for although I 
must confess myself strongly prepossessed against the 
measure, and even warmly hostile to it, yet I am ready 
to lend an ear to the suggestions of reason and good 
sense, and to yield to conviction. 



328 DIALOGUES ON 

Pe?rn. — In the first place, an establishment of this na» 
ture, is the only imaginable expedient which can be 
adopted to elevate the coloured people from that debase- 
ment into which slavery has sunk them, and confer on 
them the acknowledged rights of human nature. 

Ab. Jones. — But will not this end be as certainly and 
speedily accomplished, yi ithout having recourse to an 
expedient of this nature? Do we not see the prejudi- 
ces which have hitherto subsisted among the whites 
against the coloured people, gradually subsiding under 
the influence of reason and good sense ; and the latter 
rising every day into rank and respectability T Is it 
not to be anticipated that humanity and justice will ul- 
timately obtain a complete triumph, and that every 
member of this republic, whatever may be the shade of 
his complexion, will be placed upon a perfect equality ? 

Penn. — This is, undoubtedly, the wish of every phi- 
lanthropic mind ; but the wishes of good men, and even 
their most strenuous exertions, cannot obliterate the sen- 
timents of nature, or overrule the settled course of 
things. — The mode in which the unhappy race of 
Africa were first ushered into the notice and attract- 
ed the attention of the American people, was the most 
unfavourable that could be conceived to their be- 
ing considered upon a footing of respectability. — First, 
they were found in a rude and savage condition in their 
own country, from which they were transferred to the 
most abject slavery, where, writhing under the torture 
inflicted on them, by such outrage, they naturally exhib- 
ited such features of deformity as were calculated to 
excite contempt, disgust and indignation. From these 
circumstances, the whites, in spite of their better rea- 
son, must long, if not always, continue to view them 
through the discoloured medium of such early associa* 



THE AFRICAN COLONY. 320 

lions. It is in vain to disguise the matter. It is a re- 
sult which is clear, incontestible, palpable. However 
the good and humane may struggle to eradicate such 
prejudices from their hearts and endeavour to mitigate 
to the Africans the rigours of their fate, these people can- 
not but be sensible of the line of distinction, which is 
drawn between them and their white neighbours, and 
the insurmountable barrier presented against a free and 
unrestrained intercourse between them ; they cannot 
but be acutely alive to a sense of this discrimination. 
They have but to move a limb, and they feel it — it vi- 
brates in every nerve, and beats in every pulsation of 
their hearts: and shall they delude themselves with 
the hope of a more favourable state of things at a fu- 
ture period ? Do they discern any thing in the signs of 
the times that prognosticates sucb a change in the course 
of events? They may, indeed, be hospitably received 
by the humane inhabitants of Philadelphia, be protect- 
ed, encouraged and fostered by their laws — be allowed 
to earn a comfortable subsistence by the performance of 
various menial and necessary offices — be permitted even 
to enjoy all the privileges of freemen, and to ascend pul- 
pits to preach the Gospel to people of their own com- 
plexion ; — but can any one imagine that the period will 
ever arrive in which they will bear any sway in our 
country, guide our legislative councils, preside in our 
courts of judicature, or take the lead in the affairs of the 
republic? Is it probable that the time will ever come 
in which intermarriages will be sought between their 
families and those of the most respectable whites? It 
would be the height of foil}' to it dulge such an expect- 
ation ; and until this is the case, they will never occu- 
py the rank or enjoy the privileges of white men ; until 

42 



$30 DIALOGUES OJ* 

this is the case, they will ever hold an inferiour and 
subordinate place in society, and be in some degree 
aliens in their own land. — Paul Cuffee had the sensibili- 
ty and discernment to perceive this state of things, the 
penetration to discover the only practicable means by 
which his race could be relieved from their painful 
sense of inferiority, and the activity to commence the ex- 
ecution of a project to remedy the evil. 

Paul Cuffee. — Yes— If the Africans wish to elevate 
themselves to the rank and respectability of Americans 
and Europeans, let them establish a colony upon the 
coast of Africa. When this colony is planted, and be- 
comes prosperous, as it would soon do, — when they 
shall have instituted a government of their oAvn model- 
ling, and elected rulers of their own choice — when their 
strength shall be increased by vast accessions of their 
brethren from all parts of the world, invited to unite 
themselves to them — when agriculture, commerce and 
manufactures shall be cultivated by them — when the 
earth shall be covered and beautified with the products 
of their industry, and the sea whitened with their canvass 
— when flourishing cities, magnificent churches, richly 
endowed colleges and seminaries of learning, philoso- 
phers, historians, poets, orators, statesmen and heroes, a 
powerful army and a triumphant navy, shall proclaim 
their glory, and contest the palm of greatness with the 
other nations of the earth — then it is that mankind will 
learn to hold thatmuch injured race in just and respectful 
estimation. Compassion is spontaneously bestowed up- 
on the unfortunate and the wretched ; and of this the 
coloured people have at this time, from the intelligent 
and worthy, a full proportion — but respect is to be 
wrested from mankind only by violence and compul- 



THE AKRICAX COLONY. 331 

sion, and, to purchase this, the Africans have still to un- 
dergo many hardships and toils. 

A 1 '. Jones. — You draw such a glowing picture of the 
future probable prosperity and grandeur of this colony, 
that you almost excite my desire that my countrymen 
in the world below should make the attempt, thus to 
aggrandize their name and nation. 

Perm. — Would to heaven ! that they would be made 
sensible of the numberless and inestimable benefits 
which would redound to them from this measure. But 
supposing that it is not to be expected of a whole peo- 
ple to be inspired with such a thirst for glory as to 
make great sacrifices in the attainment of objects so il- 
lustrious as those which have been enumerated ; at least 
we might calculate that a sufficient number of them might 
be found, who would have the spirit to embark in the 
only undertaking which can relieve them from that state 
of inferiority and degradation to which they are at 
present reduced in society, and which is the source of 
so many mortifications, indignities and mischiefs — at 
least it might be anticipated, that a competent number 
could be found, who would meet any hazards and en- 
counter any difficulties to wipe off the reproach and 
disgrace that have so long adhered to them, and rein- 
state them in their native honours among the nations of 
the earth. Some persons, indeed, on account of their 
having failed to exhibit any proofs of genius since their 
transportation to America, have felt disposed to deny 
them the same grade in the scale of being with white 
men ; but this opinion is not substantiated by facts, nor 
deduced from premises adequate to sustain the conclu- 
sion : it is confirmed neither by reason nor revelation ; 
neither by the authentic voice of history, nor by the 



3&2 DIALOGUES OS 

maxims of a just philosophy — They want nothing- but 
time and opportunity to refute this calumny. I could 
not conceive of a more favourable opportunity than 
that which would be afforded them by the proposed 
settlement upon the coast of Africa. 

JLb. Jones. — But will not the same result be likely to 
take place in t e country in which they now reside? 
We see the most benevolent and extensive means re- 
sorted to, to improve and civilize them — Schools are 
erected for their education ; churches founded in which 
they assemble for public worship, and no mean of in- 
struction is withheld from them — Is it not probable that 
this state of things is the prelude to a still more hap- 
py change in their favour, and that the prejudices sub- 
sisting against them will be obliterated, and they will 
be elevated to a perfect equality with the whites? 

Penn. — It is much to be feared that all will be una- 
vailing. 

Paul Cuffee. — It is in vain, Mr. Jones, that our race 
should indulge in visionary expectations — As I Avas of 
the same family of mankind with them, and must, of 
course, be supposed to have all my sympathies enlisted 
in their behalf, I can communicate my sentiments 
without fear of offence or misconstruction. What has 
been done for our injured and abused race reflects the 
highest honour upon those who have interested them- 
selves in their concerns, but I am convinced that no 
efforts which can be made will ever lift them out of that 
inferior and ignominious condition in which they now 
Stand in America, and out of which condition spring 
many virulent and fatal disorders, which nothing else 
ean remedy but their transplantation to a more natural 
end happy soil. The station which the Africans at pres- 



THE ALBICAN COLONY. 3U.'J 

ent occupy, is the most inauspicious that could be ima- 
gined to the developemcnt of their powers, or the 
growth and expansion of their virtues. Their minds 
are in too depressed a sphere to be reached by the influ- 
ence of most of those motives that most powerfully op- 
erate upon mankind; awake their energies; or stimu- 
late them to exertion. They cannot aspire to the high- 
est dignities of churc h or state; the chairs of executive 
authority ; the benches of justice ; seats in senates and 
legislative bodies; the palm of eloquence at the bar 
and in the pulpit; the fame of philosophers, statesmen, 
authors, are objects to which they never lift their view, 
and yet these are the objects which rouse into restless 
activity the dormant powers of human genius. The\ 
cannot even anticipate an admission into the first circles 
of society, and the pleasures and advantages of polite 
intercourse, however incontrovertible might be their 
claims from the pre-eminence of their virtues or the re- 
finement of their manners. Now, whatever may be 
thought of such circumstances by superficial observers, 
I hesitate not to decide, that upon any community on 
earth they would have a most baneful influence upon 
their present character and morals, and an inauspicious 
aspect upon their future prospects. And in fact, this 
very consideration reveals the true secret, which is not 
to be found in any diversity in their original structure ; 
why, when translated to this seat of civilization and the 
arts, they have never produced an Esop, a Terence, or 
an Epictetus, or any men who have rendered them- 
selves illustrious by their talents. Under other circum- 
stances and in other countries, they have furnished a 
list of worthies, who would not have dishonoured any 
age or nation. Let it. once become an established usage 



;i34 BIALOGUES ON* 

or positive law, that as soon as they shall distinguish 
themselves by their talents and virtues, they shall reap 
the same advantages and be crowned with the same hon- 
ours with white men, and I doubt not they would soon, 
by the exercise of their powers, blot out the imputation 
which has been cast upon them, and retrieve the fallen 
honours of their nation. But what is reasonably to be 
expected of a people in a state of such abject slavery, 
with their powers ground under the mill-stone of op- 
pression, with minds uncultivated, accustomed to the 
lowest and grossest habits ; and then, as soon as they 
have been happily manumitted and allowed to act for 
themselves, finding every avenue to distinction, to hon- 
our, or even respectability, blocked up by obstacle? 
that cannot be surmounted ? They must have been 
more than human, instead of less, if, while thus circum- 
stanced, they exhibited any proofs of superiority. But 
even this is not the most unfavourable point of light in 
which this subject may be viewed. Allowing their 
powers to lie inactive from the want of high motives to 
exertion, and precluded all hope of being received into 
the company, and enjoying the refined pleasures of 
those whom they most respect, they sink into an indif- 
ference to those objects which they know to be unat- 
tainable, become contented with inferiority, and even 
fond of debasement : contract habits of indolence, sloth 
and intemperance, or perhaps plunge into all the depths 
of vice. Hence their education is neglected, their 
minds totally uncultivated, their moral characters low 
and depraved, their manners coarse and vulgar, and 
they themselves dispirited and contemned. And can the 
coloured people allow themselves to lie for ever amidst 
the mire and dirt of their abasement, and never be rous- 



THE AFRICAN COLONY. u3J 

ed to a sense of their own dignity ? O, race of Africa! 
were I able to re-appear upon earth, and had a voice 
that could resound through every corner and crevice of 
the globe in which you are scattered, I -would impor- 
tune you with infinite vehemence and solicitude, to 
awake from your disgraceful slumber — arouse to a just 
sense of your condition — flee as fast as possible from a 
land in which you must ever remain dishonoured — re- 
turn to the land of your forefathers — hasten to that 
country and climate suited by the God of nature to 
your constitution and temperament — flee to that region 
in which you shall walk at large and breathe a conge- 
nial air, and where your spirits will no longer be damp- 
ed, despised, and palsied in their exercise, by a painful 
sentiment of inferiority; where the noblest objects will 
be presented to quicken your exertions, and inflame a 
laudable ambition — in a word, to a country whose laws, 
government, honours, victories, and the whole of whose 
destinies you can proudly and triumphantly call your 
own. 

Dialogue Third. 

Ab. Jones. — The view which you gave, Mr. Cuffee, 
at our last meeting, of the condition of the coloured 
people in the United States, sank deeply into my heart j 
and I must confess, that after mature reflection upon 
your arguments, I find myself unable to impugn or re- 
fute them. The moral character of that people is un- 
doubtedly greatly influenced and modelled by the 
causes you have mentioned, and that subordinate rank, 
which, I fear, they must forever hold among the whites, 
presents an insurmountable impediment to their refine- 



236 DIALOGUES ON 

merit and civility of manners, and at the same time gives 
birth to many baneful consequences. It appears to me, 
however, that you have forgotten one material circum- 
stance in the estimate you have furnished of their pre- 
sent condition. If they cannot aspire to the highest dig- 
nities of the republic, and to those great and exalted 
objects which kindle in men the ardour of ambition, and 
stimulate them to unusual exertion, the road to wealth 
is, at any rate, open to them ; and may they not, through 
this track, ascend those eminences which mankind are 
so anxious to obtain ; and which, from the efforts ne- 
cessary to reach them, are found to produce so happy a 
moral effect upon society ? 

Penn. — That trash, indeed, is within their reach, and 
they may add pile to pile without molestation from any 
one: but after they have accumulated as much as ava- 
rice itself can covet, what will they have acquired? 
The coloured people, it is true, when they shall have 
an opulent class among them, may enjoy all the com- 
forts, and even luxuries of life, in a distinct society by 
themselves (and if they continue in the country, it is to 
be hoped that this will soon be the case,) but still the 
line of distinction between them and the whites will sub- 
sist ; still they will have no home which they can proud- 
ly call their own, or soil upon which they can walk as 
its lord ; still they will feel themselves, in a great de- 
gree, strangers, inhabiting a land which is possessed by 
others. They may not, and I believe they will not be 
so well satisfied with their lot when they become weal- 
thy, as they are at present; but their discontent or mur- 
murs will not prevent the wall of partition between 
them and the whites from remaining impassable. And 
it is not at all improbable, that when they shall find this 



THE AFRICAN C0L0N1'. 337 

to be the case, and the truth shall be brought home to 
their understandings by irresistible evidence, that the 
prejudices entertained against there by white people 
are unconquerable, they will then wish to resort to that 
very expedient to relieve themselves, to which they at 
this time discover so strong a repugnance. 

Ah. Jones. — It is not impossible. Even in Heaven 
we are not indulged the privilege of foreseeing future 
events. It is not in my power therefore to predict 
Avhat the African nation at a future day may be willing 
to perform. Perhaps at a remote period, too, they may 
be able to accomplish the object now contemplated, 
without encountering so many privations and perils up- 
on the part of the adventurers, or without jeoparding, 
as some think they must do, the best interests of others. 

Paul Cufee I cannot imagine what you mean by 

such an insinuation. Whose interests could be put in 
jeopardy b) r a measure of this nature? 

A'>. Jones. — There are not wanting those, and some 
serious and reflecting men too, who have imbibed the 
opinion, that this attempt at colonization, if successful, 
w r ould tend to check, if not entirely put a stop to the 
emancipation of slaves. 

Pcnn. — Indeed ! a most strange idea ! The direct 
contradictory of the proposition, would seem to be the 
natural and unavoidable inference. I should certainly 
be disposed to think that the planting of such a colony 
would contribute to the manumission of more slaves in 
half a century, than will be manumitted by any expe- 
dients now adopted, or likely to be adopted, for some 
centuries to come. But upon what conceivable ground 
do they rest such an opinion 1 

43 



338 DIALOGUES ON 

Ah. Jones. — It is thought that this colony, when once 
flourishing, will attract to it all the tree people of col- 
our, and thus, by drawing them off from the United States, 
relieve the southern planters from their apprehensions 
for the tranquillity of the country, and at the same time, 
by increasing the value of the remaining slaves, disin- 
cline them, on both accounts, to part with this species 
of property. 

Penn. — The argument, though plausible, is evidently 
founded in very great misapprehension of the state of 
the case — So far from this statement being true, or there 
being any shadow of reason for a surmise of this nature, 
it is a well known fact, that there are many gentlemen 
in the Southern States, who stand ready at any moment, 
to set their slaves at liberty, as soon as they are convin- 
ced that they can do so consistently with the duties they 
owe society; or in other words, as soon as it shall ap- 
pear that a measure of this kind will promote the sub- 
stantial interests of the slaves themselves, not endanger 
the peace and welfare of the state, and be conformed to 
the maxims of a true and enlarged humanity — The expe- 
rience of our southern planters, many of whom are in- 
telligent men, is leading them rapidly to the conclusion, 
that from motives of interest, as well as justice and hu- 
manity, they should liberate their slaves as fast as possi- 
ble, if any comfortable provision could be made for 
them ; since the existence of slavery shuts the door 
against the emigration of white people ; and, moreover, 
their lands are never so disadvantageously cultivated as 
by an order of men who feel no personal interest in the 
soil or its productions. They are becoming convinced, 
therefore that an enlightened policy, as well as the 
claims of justice, exact from them this sacrifice. No 



THE AblilCAN COLONY. 330 

3ooncr, then, shall this colony bo established upon the 
coast of Africa, and regarded as affording a safe retreat 
for this unfortunate people, than we should see thou- 
sands of them voluntarily released from bondage by 
those masters who arc at present restrained from tills act 
of justice and generosity by the fear of inflicting an inju- 
ry both upon the slaves manumitted and upon society. 
Upon the slaves themselves, by rendering them idle, vi- 
tious, and desperate ; — andupon society, by letting loose 
upon it those who in all probability will become vaga- 
bonds, plunderers, and pests. All objections of this 
nature will be removed by obtaining a home for them 
in the manner contemplated ; and as soon as this is dune, 
every bondman in the Southern States will be regarded, 
by the humane, as a captive in a hostile land, and the 
most strenuous endeavours be made use of to redeem 
him. More societies than already subsist, would be in- 
stituted for the purpose ; their powers of usefulness en- 
larged ; and their resources vastly augmented. The 
•wealthy men of America, whose hearts are touched with 
compassion, would consider their treasures ;<s nobly ex- 
pended in such a cause ; and even the government of 
the United States, guided by the same large and liberal 
policy which led to the prohibition of the Slave Trade, 
-would cheerfully appropriate a portion of its revenue in 
accomplishing objects of such high national importance, 
as to relieve the American institutions of civil policy 
from the only blot that sullies them ; to restore so many 
human beings to the station and privileges of freemen ; 
and to rescue the southern section of the union from 
those dreadful commotions and tragical disasters which 
at some future day may flow to them from this fountain. 
From the operation of all these causes united, there car 



340 DIALOGUES ON 

hardly remain a doubt that the United States, in the 
course of a few years, would be relieved from their 
greatest national sin, and the most portentous evil lurk- 
ing in their vitals. 

Ah. Jones. — But is it not probable that these results 
will be as surely and speedily produced by the methods 
now set into action to further the emancipation of slaves 
and that the time will come in which no such thing as a 
bondman will be found in this great republic ? 

Penn. — Such is the high estimate which I have form- 
ed of the American character, and such the deep root 
which I am confident the principles of freedom have ta- 
ken in the republic, I do not entertain a doubt that in 
the course of time there will not be a slave in the wide 
extent of that country : but at the same time I must be 
so candid as to affirm, that this period must be at present 
a very remote one. There are no symptoms that de- 
note its speedy arrival. If some means, more effectual 
than those which are now in operation, are not resort- 
ed to, to effectuate the manumission of slaves, it is im- 
possible for the imagination to descry, down the long- 
lapse of time, the termination of this crying evil. 
Through many a tedious century to come, will the cries 
and groans of this afflicted race ascend to Heaven, im- 
portuning its pity, before they obtain relief from any 
succours which are now afforded them. 

Ah. Jones. — It is certain that they will not obtain 
their freedom, as long as those southern nabobs con- 
ceive it their interest, or have it in their power, to re- 
tain them in servitude. To relieve themselves from 
future uneasiness, alarm, and perhaps massacre, we find 
them ready to engage in a scheme of colonization ; but 
all their movements of this kind are naturally viewed 



THE AFRICAN tOLONtf. 341 

with a suspicious eye by the race which they have en- 
slaved and oppressed. 

Pcnn. — The language of reproach and recrimination 
may be indulged to those who lnve received such bit- 
ter provocations; but 1 cannot but view with displeas- 
ure and regret the style of invective in which the people 
of the Northern States sometimes speak, on this subject, 
of their southern brethren. Instead of tending to pro- 
mote the great purpose of meliorating the condition of 
the slaves, it rather inflames a spirit of animosity, and 
sows the seeds of discord between the two great sections 
of the American union. No one, indeed, can utter 
himself in terms of too decided reprobation and deep 
abhorrence of slavery ; and in this sentiment he will 
be joined by every intelligent man at the south ; and 
where unnecessary rigour or an odious revenge and cru- 
elty are exercised towards them — (and hard and cruel 
masters will be found among every community, and 
the authority of the master, when armed with despotic 
sway, will display itself in acts of violence and atrocity) 
— let every tongue be loud and bold in exclaiming 
against it, and the public indignation be roused into ac- 
tion to punish and repress it. While the northern peo- 
ple are thus faithful to the dictates of nature, and alive to 
the sentiments of humanity, let them not be unjust, in 
the opinion which they entertain of their southern 
neighbours. The evils that are perceptible in the 
southern manners and habits are not so much the result 
of any distinctive traits of character in the masters and 
slaves, as they are the natural offspring of a state of 
slavery. This will ever be found, and more especially 
in a free country, a condition of human life in which 
evil will accumulate upon evil. The slave, galled by 



342 DIALOGUES O.N 

the yoke of his thraldom, will be perpetually prone to 
disobedience and resistance to the exercise of what, if 
he has any discernment, he cannot but feel to be a ty- 
rannical authority; and this will occasion irritat on, re- 
sentment, revenge, and even cruelty, on the part of the 
master. If the possession of absolute power by any single 
man in a state is so apt to convert that man into a monster 
of arrogance and cruelty, and to dispose his subjects 
to tumult and revolt, what must be expected when 
the laws themselves constitute so many petty tyrants, 
whose will is their only rule of action, and whose 
passions are subject to no restrains. On these and 
other accounts, it is perceptible to every observer, that 
the southern planters are of all other cultivators of the 
soil the most anxious and unhappy. Of these circum- 
stances they are themselves becoming every day more 
and more convinced, and hence the cheerfulness and 
alacrity with which they catch at every opportunity of 
ridding themselves, without ruin to their families, of 
this portion of their population. No people are more 
alive to the claims of justice, humanity and generosity. 
It is the nature of their ardent sun to kindle the fires of 
all the noblest virtues; and I am assured they want on- 
ly a favourable opportunity to display these qualities to- 
wards that degraded class of their fellow-men, which 
every humane and intelligent man among them is dis- 
posed, from his heart, and by every effort in his power, 
to pity and console. 

Ah. Jones. — If these be their sentiments, is there not 
a flagrant inconsistency between their principles and 
conduct? Let them set their slaves at once at liberty, 
and sh->w, by this liberal act. their ?ense of justice and 
sacred regard to the rights of mankind. 



THE AFRICAN COLON V. 343 

Penn. — It would surely require hut a very small de- 
gree bf insight into tl irs of mankind to perceive 
tli tt a sudden and indiscriminate emancipation of slaves 
in th< Southern States, would n:>t only bo a measure Dot 
or expedient; but in the highest degree de- 
al uci • e. It would uptear the social state from its very 
foundation, and make of it for a time, but one dreary 
scene of desolation and ruin. The soil would be left 
uncultivated; families impoverished; the broken rem- 
nants ol men's fortunes would be plundered and destroy- 
ed ; one scene of tumult and combustion would succeed 
another; and the nation sink into a state of anarchy and 
confusion. All, therefore, that can be anticipated, by 
any rational and reflecting- man, is the gradual and judi- 
cious emancipation of slaves. And in what way is this 
great object to be most speedily and effectually accom- 
plished ? No plan could be devised so wisely adapted 
to the end, as the plantation of the colony contempla- 
ted. 

A''. Jours. — If the southern gentlemen feel so benev- 
olently disposed towards them, why not gradually re- 
release them, of their own will, from servitude ? It is 
at least in the power of each to set his own slaves at 
liberty ? 

Penn. — Much has already been effected by individu- 
al acts of this nature ; but even here we have to lament 
that, from the depravity of human nature, it has been 
found necessary to throw some restraints upon such ef- 
forts of private generosity, from a regard to the public 
s-ood. In Virginia such serious evils have arisen out. 
of a partial emancipation, out of that mixed condition 
in which some men of the same complexion, rank and 
habits have been allowed to have their freedom, and 
others to be retained in servitude, that a law has lately 



#44 DIALOGUES ON 

passed the legislature of that state, prohibiting all citi- 
zens from manumitting their slaves, unless provision be 
made at the same time for their removal from the state. 
This measure reveals to us an important secret, in re- 
ference to this subject, of the extreme tardiness with 
which the business of emancipation will proceed, if it 
be acted upon only by causes within the States, and not 
propelled and accelerated by foreign springs. 

Jl'>. Jones. — This is, indeed, a most discouraging view 
of this matter. My heart sinks and dies within me upon 
(he contemplation of it. Is there, then, no hope of 
more sure and speedy relief to those distressed bondmen 
in the southern section of the American union ? 

Paul Cuffee. — I can see no hope for them but in the 
plantation of this African colony. This step will soon 
afford a prompt and effectual relief. Often did my mind 
dwell upon this matter during my life, until my heart 
melted with pity ; my feelings glowed to enthusiasm ; 
and I would have encountered any privations, toils, 
sufferings and death, for the deliverance of my coun- 
trymen. Could I descend again to earth I would be- 
come a missionary in this holy cause. I would never 
cease my importunities to the free people of colour un- 
til I induced them to embark in that undertaking, by 
which they may render themselves the saviours of their 
southern brethren. Can they set themselves down in 
ease and comfort, and listen with indifference to the 
sighs and groans and bitter complaints, wrung from their 
brethren by their sufferings ? Can they without resolu- 
tions of encountering any evils for their rescue, con- 
template their hardships and toils, their hunger thirst 
and nakedness ; the tortures to which they are but too 
often exposed ; the tumults and butcheries to which 



THE AFRICAN COLON If. 343 

they will give rise at every future period, by their fran- 
tic and convulsive efforts to release themselves ? Shall 
the cry of their sorrows by reason of their task-masters, 
for ever ascend to heaven, and no succour be extended 
to them ? 

Pcnn. — Is there no Moses among them to carry tlii^ 
second Israel out of Egypt, and conduct them to the 
promised land? 

Paul Cuffce. — Would that God himself would raise 
lip a prophet like unto Moses, to redeem this enslaved 
and much injured nation ! 

Penn. — What has been already adverted to during 
the progress of these conversations, I consider as con- 
clusive arguments in favour of this expedition; but 
when, passing from the present moment, I allow my im- 
agination to take a more extensive range, and trace this 
great undertaking to its ultimate consequences, my mind 
is filled with the most sublime conceptions, and my heart 
dilated with the most delightful anticipations. Let the 
colony be once supposed planted, and become flourish- 
ing, and what will be the unavoidable results ? It will 
gradually attract to its sphere every slave in America. 
In this single consideration, what a feast would be af- 
forded to the philanthropic mind ! Those who were 
dragged by violence from the land of their fathers ; 
doomed to miserable bondage; and having their ears 
greeted only with the clanking of chains, and the sighs 
and groans of their unhappy associates, now return to 
the land of their forefathers, their native home, singing 
the songs of triumph, and bearing the standard of liber- 
ty. How rich will be the return, and how noble the 
reparation, which America will make to Africa, for all the 
injuries she has done her! For the wretched captive* 

41 



NOTE M. 



HINTS FOR IMPROVING SCHOOLS AND (Of, 
LEGES. 



The following extracts from the charter of Franklin 
College, are deemed so important, as to deserve partic- 
ular notice : — 

" The public schools instituted or to be supported by 
funds or public moneys, in this state, shall be consider- 
ed as parts or members of the university, and shall be 
under the foregoing directions and regulations." 

" The president of the university, as often as the du- 
ties of his station will permit, at least once a year, shall 
visit them, and examine into their order and performan- 
ces." 

In a country like ours, where the interests of science 
do not experience extensively the benefits of legislative 
patronage, literature, left to depend upon her own con- 
tingent resources, must be expected to make slow pro- 
gress in accomplishing her views. Her success will 
depend, in a very great degree, upon the wisdom, zeal 
and energy, which characterize the system pursued in 
the seminaries established for the promotion of litera- 
ture. 

The interests of classical science, in the United States, 
are suffering materially, from that want of uniformity 



348 HINTS FOR IMPROVING 

in elementary books, which generally prevails. The 
variety exhibited by our schools and colleges, in this 
respect, corresponds fully with the varieties of climate, 
soil and character, which our country in general sus- 
tains. This want of uniformity exists, not only between 
the northern and southern districts of our country, but 
is found unfortunately to prevail in the central regions, 
and in schools and seminaries situated quite contiguous 
to one another. It would facilitate the progress of 
youth in a collegiate course, to make all their prepara- 
tory books of study, on every subject, bear as much gen- 
eral resemblance, as circumstances would permit. 

From the frequent migrations from school to school, 
which take place among pupils, and from the examina- 
tions for entrance into college which constantly occur, 
it is discovered that there are in use in our schools and 
academies, a great number of distinct grammars, both 
in the Greek and Latin language. In the course of 
these removals, which are often unavoidable and ad- 
vantageous, cases frequently occur, in which it be- 
comes necessary, either to permit the pupils, entering 
upon a new situation, to continue in the use of the ele- 
mentary books they have been accustomed to, which 
impedes their progress and introduces confusion into 
the school, or to compel them to lay aside the grammars 
they first acquired, and commence others, very different 
in form and expression, which is imposing upon them a 
heavy burden, productive of no real good to the learner, 
and leaves him liable, between his faint recollection of 
the former and imperfect knowledge of the latter, to be- 
come really and thoroughly acquainted with neither. 

The evil here complained of, is felt more extensively, 
in more large and important institutions. The system 



SCHOOLS AND COLLRGE9. 31H 

now pursued is calculated to compel the great mass of 
students who receive a collegiate education, to enter 
one of the lower classes, in which the classics are read 
and in which uniformity cannot be dispensed with, with- 
out injury to the institution as well as to the pupils. 

The provisions exhibited in the preceding " Extracts" 
from the charter of Franklin College, are calculated to 
remedy this evil in a certain degree. Dr. Finley, who 
had long, at the head of his flourishing Academy at 
Basking llidge, lamented the existence of the evil re- 
ferred to, contemplated this trait in the character of the 
university of Georgia with lively interest, and anticipa- 
ted from it many happy results. At the very first oppor- 
tunity offered, he entered on that part of his official 
duty as president of that college, which is intimated in 
the latter of the two extracts and actually visited four 
of the public schools of Georgia in his fatal tour. 

The plan suggested in the preceding extracts, if sub- 
stantially complied with, would produce many import- 
ant advantages. The annual visit of the president to 
the several academies in the state,, in connexion with 
the idea of their subordination to him and to the insti- 
tution over which he presides, would stimulate the 
scholars and their teachers to greater diligence in their 
respective duties, and might be employed as an import- 
ant auxiliary in the instruction and discipline of the 
several institutions embraced in this connexion. And 
under such a system of regulation, it would be easy to 
give strict uniformity to the collegiate establishment, in 
all its members and departments. This regulation, 
which occupies a conspicuous place in the charter of 
Franklin College, appears to be pre-eminently wise 
and useful, and maybe rendered exceedingly beneficial 



350 HINTS FOR IMPROVING 

to that institution, to the literature of Georgia, and to 
that of the surrounding country. 

Would not the introduction of similar arrangements, 
through our country in general, be practicable in itself, 
and productive of important advantages to all our litera- 
ry institutions ? Might not every college establish a con- 
nexion of this kind with those grammar schools which 
are situated in its vicinity or from which it usually re- 
ceives its pupils, on the condition of affording its pat- 
ronage, giving direction in regard to the subjects of 
study, furnishing auxiliary teachers, perhaps sending 
with the consent of the schools, annually, an examining 
committee, and requiring the schools, in return for these 
favours, to adopt their course of instruction, to the sys- 
tem pursued in the college with which they stand thus 
connected.* The proposed connexion might be made 
happily instrumental in exciting and fostering the prin- 
ciple of emulation between these subordinate institu- 
tions, and on the whole, extensively conducive to the 
cause of science. And would it not probably operate, 
with ingenuous youth, as a strong incentive to industry 
in study, if the college, in each of the contemplated 
associations, should appoint a premium, to be conferred 
upon the best scholar admitted annually into each of its 
classes from the allied seminaries ? 

To introduce entire uniformity into the American 
system of education, would it not be advisable for those 
colleges which can be brought to adopt the same ele- 
mentary books in the several departments, classical, 

* Such a plan having been adopted, information of it, should be given to the 
public, that they who are ahout to commence the education of their sons, may 
be able to conlbrm their first studies to the system pursued in the institution in 
whirh tbey are expected to complete their literary course. 



SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 8.0 1 

mathematical and philosophical, to select, arrange and 
publish a complete set of studies, to bo distinguished 
and known as the particular studies of those institutions? 
And, should this arrangement be found impracticable, 
would it not be highly advantageous for each college 
to make this selection for its own use, and as far as ne- 
cessary, for the accommodation of its subordinate 
schools ? By this measure 

1. Money might be saved to the learner. 

Most of the books now used in schools and colleges, 
are published in a style of execution more costly than 
necessary, and are bought at too dear a rate. In many 
instances the expense of procuring a whole work is in- 
curred, while only a small portion of it is read or studi- 
ed. The paper is often thin and perishable, and the 
binding very slight and inferior. In the proposed pub- 
lication these disadvantages might easily be remedied. 
The materials and the workmanship should be of the 
most substantial and durable nature. All unnecessary 
matter it is proposed to leave out. 

2. On the pian here contemplated, accuracy, in classi- 
cal books, might be restored. 

The Latin and Greek authors printed in this country 
abound so exceedingly with typographical errors that 
very great injury is sustained from the use of them in 
schools. When inaccuracies frequently occur, the 
teacher is incessantly harrassed and the business of 
school interrupted, by applications to have the classical 
text examined, and existing errors exposed and correct- 
ed. In this manner much time is lost and the school ia 
injured; and, besides, the student, always ready to im- 
pute difficulty to inaccuracy and to suspend his efforts 
till doubt is removed, finds his diligence in applies 

45 



352 HINTS FOR IMPROVING 

and independent exercise of thought much impaired. 
These disadvantages have been experienced so s piously, 
that it has been judged expedient in some instances to 
keep a European edition, of the principal authors read, 
as a standard to refer to — a fact disgraceful and humilia- 
ting to American scholars ! 

3. The proposed publication might be made entirely 
free from those impurities, with which some of the best 
classical writers unhappily abound. Retaining passa- 
ges, which convey insinuations against religion and 
morals and which are of an obscene and vitiating ten- 
dency in those books which are very early put into the 
hands of youth, to be carefully studied, is very mani- 
festly dangerous and improper. It would be a favor, of 
no common magnitude, to the principles and morals of 
literary youth, to have every thing licentious, low, and 
polluting, removed from our classical authors. A 
remedy might thus be furnished for the evils and the 
dangers arising from making our young men whom we 
wish to lead to the knowledge of the one only living 
and true God, too early and too intimately acquainted 
with Grecian and Roman Polytheism — with the fictions 
and absurdities of their mythology — and with the vices 
and follies of their imaginary deities. 

4. This measure would contribute very extensively 
to that uniformity which is so much desired. Wherever 
this work would circulate, the plan of education pursu- 
ed in the institution, which had given it existence might 
be fully understood, and easily followed. The public 
in general, teachers and schools especially, would know 
precisely in what manner, the preliminary studies of a 
candidate for that college must be conducted, to obtain 
for him an easy and honorable admission into it. 



SCHOOLS AXD COI-LRGES. 35.'f 

Might wo not adopt with some prudent modifications 

in our literary institutions, that part of the ancient Jew. 
ish system of education, in which they trained their pu- 
pils to an acquaintance with mechanical* pursuits, in 
connexion with letters and science, and white they 
strengthened and enriched the minds of their scholars 
with literary culture, established them in the practical 
knowledge of the useful arts and mechanical employ- 
ments of life ? If acquiring practical knowledge of me- 
chanics, of gardening, of agriculture could be made to 
occupy a portion of that time which is commonly spent 
in idleness and amusement, and be brought to answer 
the purpose of necessary exercise, several additional ob- 
jects of considerable importance would be in some de- 
gree gained, by the alteration. 

Many of the ordinary complaints such as bruises, sprains, 
local inflammations, and fevers which most commonly 
occur among boys at public schools, arise from the ir- 
regular and violent exertions which they make in their 
ordinary plays. The substitute here suggested, besides 
preventing in a great degree these evils and dangers, 
and that fatigue and unfitness for study produced by 
violent play, would afford much more certainly and 
regularly the gentle and uniform exercise necessary to 
the health and vigour of the youthful constitution. 

* See Stackhouse's History Bible 8 vo. vol. 6, page 252. " It was a received cus- 
u>rn among the Jews, for every man, of what rank or quality soeyer, to learn some 
handicraft ; for one of their proverbial expressions is, that whoever teaches not his 
son a trade, teaches him to be a thief. 

See also Annotations of Drusius upon Acts !8 chap. — " Sapientes olim arlificinm 
aliquod exercebaut, ne gravarent alios. Sic alius erat coriarius — alius, Librariua 

-alius, calcearius, aut sutor — alius, pistor." 
See also Grotius — ibidem — " Mos earat etiam doctissimia Judojorum opificium 
aliquod discere, unJe, ubi res ferret, se austenlarent. Erant, Pelliones, Sutores. 
Pi?tore6, Librarii, otra. 



354 HINTS FOR IMPROVING 

Most of the unhappy exasperations and conflicts, 
which take place among boys assembled at school, 
originate in their warm competitions and eager endea- 
vours to excel each other in the games and amusements 
usually resorted to in leisure hours. Furnishing an 
easy and effectual remedy for this evil would be ac- 
complishing an object of no small magnitude. 

One great object contemplated in placing boys at 
school ought to be to ascertain the degree and the pe- 
culiar character of their talents, to discover towards 
what objects their genius tends most strongly, with a 
view to the judicious direction of their future and per- 
manent pursuits in life.* In order to bring this experi- 
ment to a successful issue, it ought not to be partially 
made ; mechanic arts and manual employments in some 
measure ought to be placed before every pupil and some 
attention to them required. Had this plan been faithfully 
pursued heretofore, our academies and perhaps colleges 
too, would have produced more good mechanics and not 
so many dull literati ! 

* The following anecdote will be appropriate here: it is extracted from the 
Christian's Magazine, vol. iii No. 3, page 447 

" Some years ago a young man who had been originally a maker of brooms, and 
had "studied divinity," as it is termed for two or three sessions, was exhibiting 
a specimen of his improvement before a foreign presbytery : and acquitted him- 
self so little to their satisfaction, that they judged it necessary to remand him to 
his 3rst vocation, as more commensurate with his abilities. This decision was an- 
nounced by a venerable dd minister in the following manner: — " Young man: It is 
the duly of all men to glorify God. But he calls them to glorify Him in different 
ways, according to silts he bestows ou them Some he calls to glorify Him— by 
preaching the gospel of his Son ; and others by making besoms, (brooms.) Now 
it is the unanimous judgment of this presbytery that he has not called you to 
the ministry, since he h >s not qualified you for it • and therefore that it is ) our 
duty to go home to your father and glorify God by decent industry in making be- 

10018." 



SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. lij!i 

The plan proposed might be rendered an excellent 
security against the noisy habits, and above all, many of 
the vices, of which too much leisure and amusement, 
ure the fruitful source. 

Could not the alteration here contemplated be so 
modified as to become a powerful auxiliary in the gov* 
ernnn nt of youth I and be made the means of prevent- 
ing altogether the necessity of corporal punishment ? 

The last consideration is, that every man, whatever 
his grade of talent, his degree of education, and his 
sphere in life, ought to have a practical acquaintance 
■with some mechanic art. Should he never pursue any 
branch of mechanical employ, his progress through life, 
his -espectabiiity, ease and comfort, will be greatly pro- 
moted by a general acquaintance with the common ne- 
cessary and useful arts and occupations of men. 

Quid niunus lleipublicoe majus aut melius oilere pos- 
simus, quani si juventutem bene erudiamus ? 

Cicero. 

Great exertions have recently been made to estab- 
lish new colleges in several states in the union, and 
measures have been adopted in some of the best institu- 
tions in our country, to enlarge and ameliorate their 
capacity for the accommodation and instruction of youth. 
But, notwithstanding, a University located near the cen- 
tre of the United States, amply endowed and extensive- 
ly patronised by the national government, is a desidera- 
tum of great magnitude. The wise and patriotic Wash- 
ington suggested an idea of this nature in his last will 
and testament, and the reasons on which he founded that 
intimation are still applicable in all their force. " It hae 
been," says he, "my ardent wish to see a plan devised 
on a liberal scale, which vonid have a tendency to 



356 HINTS FOIt IMPROVING 

spread systematic ideas through all parts of this rising 
empire, thereby to do away local attachments and state 
prejudices, as far as the nature of things would, or in- 
deed ought to admit, from our national councils. Look- 
ing anxiously forward to the accomplishment of so de- 
sirable an object as this is, in my estimation, my mind 
has not been able to contemplate any plan more likely 
to effect the measure, than the establishment of a uni- 
versity in a central part of the United States, to which 
the youths of fortune and talents, from all parts thereof, 
might be sent for the completion of their education, in 
all the branches of polite literature, in the arts and sci- 
ences, in acquiring knowledge in the principles of poli- 
tics and good government : and, as a matter of infinite 
importance, in my judgment, by associating with each 
other and forming friendships in juvenile years, be ena- 
bled to free themselves, in a proper degree, from those lo- 
cal prejudices and habitual jealousies which have just 
been mentioned, and which, when carried to excess, are 
never failing sources of disquietude to the public mind, 
and pregnant of mischievous consequences." 

The colleges of the United States are so circumscri- 
bed in their resources and restricted in their views, as 
to embrace in their system of instruction only those 
subjects which are most common and essentia! in a lite- 
rary course. Other objects, hitherto neglected, are be- 
coming highly interesting. A university, established on 
a widely extended scale, so as to comprehend them all, 
would be truly worthy of national attention, and exten- 
sively conducive to national honour and interest. 

This institution, besides the classical, mathematical 
and philosophical professorships, ought to possess, 



SCIIOOLS AND COLLEGES. 357 

1. A theological department, amply endowed for the 
purpose of teaching the elements of natural and reveal- 
ed religion, biblical and ecclesiastical history, moral 
and theological science in general. 

2. It ought to include a professorship for the langua- 
ges of modern Europe. 

This would be a great convenience to young men of 
talent and enterprise, seeking education principally 
as an auxiliary in the honourable pursuits of foreign 
commerce. It would afford to American genius a more 
direct and easy access to those stores of polite and ac- 
complished literature, which have been accumulating 
for centuries in the South of Europe, but from which 
our sons must be excluded while ignorant of the lan- 
guages which are the only key to their depositories. 
And it would be an important accommodation to that 
part of our citizens who inhabit the regions in the South 
and West, where the French and Spanish especially, 
are becoming almost vernacular tongues. 

3. A professorship for the purpose of extending the 
knowledge of the languages of the various nations of 
America, Asia and Africa. 

This would facilitate the necessary intercourse with 
the American tribes both in treaty and in traffic ; it 
would furnish a ready and happy assistant in carrying 
on the lucrative commerce with the Eastern World; it 
would extensively aid the glorious cause of foreign mis- 
sions, in promoting which, every American statesman 
and philanthropist should feel a pride and an interest; 
it would enlarge the compass of human knowledge, by 
extending the sphere of education in this Western land ; 
and in the course of time, by its indirect operation on 
the aborigines of India, Africa aud America, it might 



358 HINTS FOR IMPROVING 

have extensive influence in producing that community 
of sentiment and manners, that amelioration of aspect 
and condition, which will soon, we hope, be exhibited 
by the human race. 

4. In this institution provision should be made, in the 
best manner practicable, for exciting, directing and aid- 
ing the efforts of American genius, in the cultivation of 
the fine arts. 

With success in this department of science, the hon- 
our of the nation is closely connected. Europe claims 
pre-eminence in the arts, and looks down upon the Uni- 
ted States with disdain. Let every encouragement and 
facility for the successful cultivation of American talent 
and taste, be afforded by a liberal and enlightened gov- 
ernment, jealous of its own honour, and anxious for the 
best improvement of its own sons, in those arts and ac- 
complishments which peculiarly liberalize, elevate and 
adorn the human character. 

5. This establishment ought to afford to American 
youth, the means of obtaining accurate theoretic and 
practical knowledge of agriculture. 

The course of improvement which this country seems 
destined to undergo, by means of canals, turnpikes, 
bridges, fortifications, &c. &c. will demand increasing- 
skill in mechanic arts and operations. The American 
people have also manifested a strong predilection for 
manufacturing pursuits of various kinds. These objects 
respectively are highly deserving of national patronage. 
But, from the extent of our territory, the excellence of 
our climate, the fertility of our soil, the ideas, habits 
and necessities of the people, agriculture appears likely 
to be the general and predominant occupation of the 
American States. And as a warrant for making a sys- 



B( MOOLS AND COLLEGES. 359 

tern of instruction on this subject, an appendage of a 
great literary institution, it may be recollected that the 
example has been set in many of the most celebrated 
universities of Europe. A writer of considerable abil- 
ity, on the state of the university at Oxford, makes the 
following pertinent remarks : " Theology and classical 
literature have long flourished at Oxford, and in mod- 
ern times, mathematics have not been neglected. Let 
these, and all the sciences taught at our universities, 
expand their influence in every direction ; but that ag- 
riculture should be utterly neglected, and that Oxford 
and Cambridge should be the only two universities in 
the enlightened part of Europe without professors for 
teaching this most useful of all arts, is a circumstance 
that must excite some degree of surprise." The follow- 
ing remarks of the same writer, will apply to our own 
circumstances, and probably be approved by every 
reader : " Mere lectures are insufficient to command 
the attention, and give a turn to the pursuits of young 
men. The university abounds with those who are des- 
tined to be considerable land proprietors,^ and if the 
proper means w r ere used, it would not be difficult to en- 
gage them in inquiries which would form not only a 
most beneficial pursuit, but a rational, harmless and en- 
tertaining amusement. The effect might be durable, 
and must be advantageous to the best interests of the 
empire."f 

* This is literally true in regard to multitudes of young men pursuing then 
education in the American colleges. 

•f- See appendix, page 343, 8 vo. to the general view of the agriculture of Ox 
fordshire, drawn up by the secretary of the board and published in London 1813. 

16 



360 HINTS FOR IMPROVING, &C. 

6. Considering the infant state of eloquence and polit- 
ical knowledge in the American republic, it appears 
reasonable and necessary, that, in the contemplated in- 
stitution, the duty of affording to American youth pro- 
found and expanded instruction, in civil and national 
law, in political economy, and on the whole science of 
government, should receive special attention. The 
spirit of our government, the nature of our climate, the 
lofty and independent sentiments of our citizens, and 
the peculiar character and power of genius which they 
have already manifested, at the bar and in the legisla- 
tive hall, inspire us with the pleasing expectation that 
the United States will soon possess many orators and 
statesmen, who will be the pride of their country, and 
may be the admiration of mankind. Animated by this 
hope, should not the genius of our sons be excited and 
fostered in the most efficient manner practicable? Can 
any thing be conceived more worthy the attention of the 
supreme legislature of an enlightened and liberal peo- 
ple, than providing suitable motives and facilities for 
this progress to national honour, greatness and glory 7 



NOTE N. 



SKETCH OF REV. WILLIAM BOYD. 



The following brief sketch of the Rev. William Boyd, 
of Lamington, in the state of New-Jersey, was prepared 
soon after his decease, by the writer of the preceding 
narrative, and, at his request, published in the General 
Assembly's Missionary Magazine. It is introduced in 
this place, to give it that increased circulation, which 
the facts it records deserve. 

There are (ew duties in the discharge of which, a 
friend of pious worth can be more profitably engaged, 
than in that of endeavouring to keep in remembrance 
the characters and virtues of those great and good men, 
whom it has pleased God to take from this world to his 
immediate presence and enjoyment. Whilst it pre- 
serves their memories from unmerited oblivion, it ex- 
tends the knowledge of their virtues : it exalts the grace 
of God by displaying its happy effects in their holy con- 
versation : it often attracts the solemn attention of the 
wicked : and it always serves to guide the footsteps of 
those who desire to walk as becomes the gospel of Je- 
sus Christ. 

It is under a sense of the truth and importance of 
these observations, that the following sketch has been 
written of the late Rev. William Boyd, of Lamington, 
Somerset county, state of New-Jersey. 



362 SKETCH Of 

Rol>ert Boyd, the grandfather of the subject ot tins 
memoir, was a native of Scotland. During a persecu- 
tion in that country he fled to Ireland, where John 
Boyd, the father of William, was born. After residing 
there for a considerable time, he removed with all his 
family, to America and settled in Pennsylvania. John, 
probably his eldest son, was married to a young lady, a 
native of that state, and settled near the same place in 
Franklin county. In this place was born, A. D. 1T58, 
William Boyd. He had three brothers and some sisters, 
several of whom are still living in respectability and 
usefulness. He was deprived of his father when about 
fifteen years of age. But this loss was more than made up 
to him, by that grace which it pleased the Father of mer- 
cies to manifest to his soul about the same time, in turn- 
ing him from darkness unto light. Although his patrimony 
w r as small, he was by some means prepared for college, 
and his education was completed under the presidency 
of Dr. Witherspoon, at Princeton, in the year 1778. His 
uncommon zeal and perseverance in study, appear to 
have proceeded from a strong desire, which he express- 
ed very early in life, to enter into the sacred ministry. 
The first few years which passed, after he received his 
degree at college, he spent in teaching an academy in 
the city, or vicinity of Annapolis, and in a private fami- 
ly near Baltimore. He was soon after licensed to 
preach the gospel by the Presbytery of Carlisle, under 
the direction of which he continued till he entered that 
of New-Brunswick. He remained for some time unset- 
tled, preaching as providence directed, in the states of 
Pennsylvania, New-Jersey, and New-York ; and his 
first ministrations were both popular and successful. 
Invitations and proposals to settle, crouded upon him 



KKV. WILLIAM UOVU. Uti'.j 

from different places. His talents could easily have 
procured lor him one of the most conspicuous vacancies 
in our country, but, as he informed the writer of this 
memoir, he chose a more humble and less public station. 
Young and inexperienced, our cities lilled with dissipa- 
tion and temptations of various kinds, would, he feared, 
draw him aside from that life of piety, and that plain, 
pointed, apostolic mode of preaching, which appeared 
to him so supremely excellent and necessary. So early 
was his dislike formed to the smooth temporising spiril 
which is too apt to insinuate itself into the pulpit, and 
to which young preachers are peculiarly exposed, be- 
fore they are seasoned and confirmed in grace, and when 
the sentiments of society in general, the pride of the 
human heart, the vice and the caprice of a populous 
city, arc all to be encountered. For these reasons Mr. 
Boyd determined on a retired situation, where he might 
execute his purpose of faithfully preaching the gospel, 
with less interruption and difficulty. He accordingly 
accepted the call that he received from the congrega- 
tion of Lamington, where he had bestowed some of his 
itinerating labours. Soon after his settlement in that 
congregation, in the year 1784, he was married to a 
daughter of Col. Taylor, who lived not far from the 
place of his residence. She proved to be a woman of 
much real worth, and completely calculated to make 
him happy. Whilst her piety and vivacity tended to 
cheer and enliven him in his dullest hours, when op- 
pressed with disease or exhausted by labor, her indus- 
try and discretion contributed much to their worldly- 
prosperity and to the regularity and success of their va- 
rious concerns. Happy in his pastoral and family rela- 
tions, he devoted himself with zeal and constancy to 



:J64 SKETCH OF 

the duties of his charge. Of a humble and domestic 
disposition, he seldom entered into the world but when 
called by the voice of duty. He delighted in the socie- 
ty of his wife and children, and devoted himself much 
to perusing carefully and repeatedly those books to 
which he had access in his retired circumstances. 

As a preacher of the gospel he was peculiarly excel- 
lent. Himself deeply penetrated with a sense of the to- 
tal depravity of the human heart, of its inability to per- 
form any thing acceptable to God without his gracious 
assistance, he endeavoured to impress these great and 
fundamental truths upon every heart. His principal 
objects were to demonstrate the necessity of a divine 
atonement and of faith in the Redeemer in order to jus- 
tification : to exalt and establish the grace of God upon 
the ruins of human pride and greatness ; to pour the con- 
solations and encouragements of the gospel into the 
humble and contrite heart! to expose the labyrinths of 
hypocrisy and the dangers of self deception : to awe or 
allure the wicked from those fatal refuges to which 
they often have recourse: in a word, to promote the 
glory of God, by the conversion of sinners and the edi- 
fication of saints. His talents were good and his acquire- 
ments very considerable. He was remarkable for quick- 
ness of apprehension, strength of memory, depth of pen- 
etration and soundness of judgment. These had all 
been improved and cultivated, by early, habitual and 
continued application. Hence it is easy to account 
for his extensive and accurate information, though much 
secluded from the world. He had studied human na- 
ture too, in its hidden springs and secret windings. 
Few men of the present age have acquired a more 
clear and extensive knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures, 
particularly of the New Testament. He possessed a 



UKV. WILLIAM BOYD. 365 

mind happily formed for historical and theological stu- 
dies, for polite learning and profound investigation. 
In all the branches of science he had made considera- 
ble acquirements. He was an excellent classical schol- 
ar. He was thoroughly instructed and confirmed in 
the calvinistic doctrines. He was not ostentatious, but 
always sensible and pertinent in his pulpit discourses. 
Besides solid instructions, pathetic remonstrances and 
affectionate invitations, his sermons contained much 
matter that was original, the result of deep reflection. 
His views of divine subjects were often much expanded 
and highly elevated. But experimental, practical piety 
was the subject in which his soul most delighted, and 
which therefore, was the frequent theme of his public 
addresses. Being thoroughly furnished unto all good works 
arid from a child having known the Scriptures, he could 
use them aptly, for doctrine, for reproof for correction 
and for instruction in righteousness. 

His style of preaching was in general, simple and sol- 
emn, dignified and impressive. He was remarkable for 
a natural facility and perspicuity of expression. His 
ideas flowed freely and profusely. He spoke of di- 
vine things with that simplicity which indicated his fa- 
miliarity with them, and his sense of their infinite weight 
and importance. For a few years he adopted the cus- 
tom of writing his sermons and committing them to 
memory ; but for the remainder of his life he depended 
principally upon the vigour and promptness of his parts, 
upon the variety, and extent of his intellectual resour- 
ces, after he had studied and digested his subject. 
Method, natural and just was so much at his command, 
that it seemed difficult for him to depart from sys- 
tem in his discourses. He appeared without the least 
effort, to enter into the spirit of the gospel, and to 



366 SKETCH OF 

illustrate and apply its truths. He was in general 
cool and deliberate, easy and graceful in his deliv- 
ery. His eye lively and penetrating, his counte- 
nance grave and solemn, his person regular and hand- 
some, his gestures natural and often striking, Lis voice 
sweet and commanding, all tended to give weight and 
impression to his words. But especially his holy exam- 
ple contributed much to enforce his doctrines. The 
delicate state of his health, to which immoderate study 
for a kw years after his settlement had reduced him, di«* 
not permit him often to indulge in that vehement address 
of which he was highly capable and to which the im- 
portance of his subjects and the warmth of his feelings 
often impelled him. There were, however, occasions, 
on which, passing the limits imposed by his debility, he 
displayed that justness and grandeur of sentiment, that 
purity and elegance of language, that warmth and ear- 
nestness of manner, which are the essentials of true elo- 
quence. He commonly spake as one having authority : 
his words could scarcely be resisted, carrying with 
them a kind of internal evidence that the speaker had 
been with God. But to the character and the fame of 
an orator he did not aspire. The flowers of rhetoric 
and the graces of expression, had little of his attention 
or concern. His supreme desire was to be a faithful ser- 
vant and humble follower of the blessed Redeemer. 

With such excellent natural endowments, with such a 
fund of acquired knowledge, with such an affectionate, 
benevolent heart, and especially, with such an active, 
glowing piety, it would be natural to anticipate from him 
more than usual success in the service of Christ. But, 
as with many other wise and good men, his labours were 
attended with only a gradual and ordinary increase of 
the church of which he had the charge. It is reasona- 



KEV. WILLIAM BOYD. 307 

ble, however, to expect that the seeds which he hr.s 
scattered in the vineyard of God, will not be permitted 
to perish, but under the care and culture of the great 
Lord of the harvest, will yet be made to grow and 
bring forth fruit, to the praise of God's glorious grace 
and the salvation of immortal souls. And "if in the 
estimation of heaven, our services arc appreciated, 
not by the good we accomplish, but the sincerity, the 
strength and constancy of our exertions," great indeed 
is his reward in heaven. 

Mr. Boyd appears to have been formed not less for 
society than for the pulpit. As in the sacred desk,, so in 
the social circle, his manners were always becoming. 
His carriage was agreeable and unaffected ; his temper, 
naturally high, was reined in by reason and subdued by 
grace : his disposition was remarkably friendly and af- 
fectionate : he was sprightly and animated in conversa- 
tion ; he mingled condescension with dignity ; he had a 
happy turn of accommodating himself to the tempers 
and circumstances of others, without sanctioning what 
was wrong ; he abounded in anecdotes and historical 
narratives of families, of persons and of events, a knowl- 
edge of which he had acquired in his extensive early 
reading, in his journeyings, and in his personal observa- 
tions and intercourse among men. He could make 
himself agreeable and entertaining to persons in every 
rank and employment in life ; and in the whole of his 
conversation there was discoverable such a vein of gen- 
uine piety as to make him equally agreeable to the se- 
rious and venerable to the wicked. He exercised the 
highest degree of prudence and moderation in all his 
deportment. He abstained in a great measure from 
those endless controversies which constantly divide the 

A7 



3G8 



SKETCH OF 



world on the subjects of religion and politics. He pos- 
sessed his opinions, and they were generally founded in 
reason and equity; but he displayed the soundest dis- 
cretion, by declaring them only when there was a pros- 
pect of doing good, or at least, of not creating evil. He 
was a man of true and unfeigned humility. In the cir- 
cle in which he moved, he was the only one insensible 
of his worth and distinction. He knew so much of the 
glory and excellence of God, he realized so deeply and 
affectingly the vileness and vanity of man, that he 
thought himself the least of all saints. 

It is worthy of remark, that he was a sincere and par- 
ticular friend of youth. He seemed to be peculiarly 
concerned for their welfare. He used every means of 
encouraging the diffident, of stimulating the indolent, 
and of tempering the efforts of the ambitious. He af- 
fectionately took them by the hand, pressed them into 
his society, administered to them his counsels, and con- 
versed with them most familiarly and impressively. 

Following the law and example of our Lord, Whatso- 
ever ye would that men should do to you, do ye to them like- 
wise, Mr. Boyd was upright and liberal in his dealings : 
he was ever ready to forgive injuries and confer favours: 
he was incapable of wantonly aspersing the character of 
any man, even of an enemy. He had much firmness 
and independence of spirit, and at the same time much 
gentleness and condescension. He was really ami- 
able in all the relative characters of social life, as a 
husband, a father, a friend ; and his natural sweetness 
was rendered still more lovely and endearing by the 
charms of divine grace. 

He delighted most, as we have already hinted, in ab- 
straction from the world, and in secret communion with 
the Father of his spirit. Satisfied with his state, he 



REV. WILLIAM BOVD. 3G ( J 

Courted not the smiles of the affluent and vain glorious. 
Humble and unambitious, he cultivated principally an 
intimacy with heaven, and a meetncss for an inheritance 
among the saints in light. 

But the lustre with which he shone could not be con- 
fined to that retired corner which he had chosen for his 
abode. The public became acquainted with his worth. 
He was reverenced and esteemed by all who knew him, 
as an Israelite indeed. His opinions were regarded in 
ecclesiastical courts and assemblies with attention and 
solemnity, He was elected a Trustee of the College of 
New- Jersey a few years before his death, and continued 
in that capacity till his decease. 

Our view of this excellent man becomes most inter- 
esting, as we approach his final moments. Several 
times in the course of the last twenty years, he had been 
alarmed with a great weakness in his breast, a small dis- 
charge of blood from the lungs, and a hectic cough. 
These consumptive symptoms scarcely ever totally dis- 
appeared. But with great prudence and management, • 
he retained the ability of attending to the duties of his of- 
fice generally, until about the beginning of last March. 

He had been appointed by the Presbytery of New- 
Brunswick, to supply, at this time, in a neighbouring 
vacant congregation. The weather being cold and 
wet, the exposure was too great for his feeble constitu- 
tion. On his return he was seized with an obstinate fe- 
ver, the consumptive symptoms increased, and the disease 
became fixed. He continued in this weak and declin- 
ing state till May, on the fifteenth day of which month 
it pleased God to take him from the world. As his 
complaint was of the lingering kind, it afforded him an 
excellent opportunity of manifesting the power and 
glory of the religion of Jesus. And very seldom 



370 SKETCH, &C 

indeed are we presented with such a complete and happy 
Christian triumph, as was beheld in this servant of the 
Lord. He had endured so many bodily pains in the 
course of life, that he had learned to be patient. He had 
anticipated death so often, and conversed with it so famil- 
iarly, that its terrors did not alarm him. The inmate of 
his bosom had several years before been taken from his 
embrace. By industry and economy he had amply pro- 
vided for the comfortable establishment in the world of 
his four surviving children. Although his attack was 
almost hopeless from the beginning, he was calm and re- 
signed. He remarked soon after its commencement, 
" I have for many years felt this weakness growing up- 
on me. I have a long time apprehended that I should 
fall a victim to it, and now the time is coming." Being 
asked whether, if such were the appointment of God,, 
he would be willing now to leave the world, he replied,. 
" I have been examining myself and searching out the 
evidence of my being in a state of grace, and upon the 
whole I feel pretty well satisfied that I have really un- 
dergone a gracious change ; and I am, therefore, willing 
to submit to God, knowing that his own time and way 
are best." He enjoyed constantly, through his tedious 
and painful illness, a high degree of those cheering 
hopes with which a lively faith in the Redeemer inspires 
its possessor. His faith was well founded and would 
therefore bear the strictest scrutiny. He had " the tes- 
timony of his conscience, that not with fleshly wisdom 
but by the grace of God, he had had his conversation 
in the world." His heaven commenced before his life 
was extinguished. His prospects brightened to the last. 
With his expiring breath he exclaimed, "I am not afraid 
to die !" Let me die the death of the righteous, and lei 
my last end be like his ! 



The printer thinks proper, injustice to the writer of (hii work, to rtate, that hi: 
igements were such, during the time of printing it, us to render it iniprac 
ticablc for him to superintend tlie correcting of th« press. 

ERRATA. 

Page 37, note, 4th line from bottom, for " or," read on. 

00, do 1Mb for " last " t^aA first. 

ti'J, do 4Mi line — erase the mark of quotation before " A Committee, &c 

Co, 12th line Iromtop —The period at t lie word "prepared." should be «. 
comma — prepared, 

(i6, 16th line — lor " refreshing, read rushing. 

7i, last line— for " ltflj," read lo!6. 

78, bottom — for " interest " read interests. 
117, bottom line— for period after the word "congregation." substitutes 

comma, thus — congregation, the 
121, 3d line oi note— for " irrebuttable," read, ible. 
1*8, 7th line— for. " so far communicated," read so far as communicated. 
19'2, lor • de nalura. de oratore, Deornm," read de natura. Deorum, &c 
U18, end oi l4tu line— inseit " thus, the several churches ." 

8th line from bottom — for "congregation," read aggregations. 
2-0 in tlie nove near the bottom, for " this m«»an." read this means. 
231, 1 8th line— for ' qualification " read qualifications. 
271, 1 4 til line — forewords " iead records. 
3a0, I tth line — for " adopt." read adapt 
353, 3d line from bottom p.— for " enrat," read erat. 
35'>, I7'h litie — for "offere," read afferre. 
3J9, Jth line fiom bottom— for " in pursuing," read pursuing. 
U64, 1st line — read " Oi an humble." 



